Table 4.

Some common phenolics present in flowers.

Phenolics	Edible Flowers
Chlorogenic acid	Alyssum montanum, Anthemis tinctoria, Calendula officinalis [101], Campanula portenschlagiana, Carica papaya, Ceiba speciosa [279], Celosia cristata [214], Dahlia anemome, Ethlingera elatior, Fragaria × ananassa, Gossypium arboretum [366], Helianthus annuus [456], Heliotropium peruvianum [366], Ixora parviflora, Lycoris radiata, Malus ‘Royalty’ [457], Malus micromahus ‘Makino’, Malus ‘Pink spire’, Malus ‘Sparkler’, Malus ‘Strawberry Parfait’, Nerium oleander, Pelargonium peltatum, Pterocarya stenoptera [366], Rosa hybrida ‘Scarlet’, Saccharum edule, Solanum laxum, Tecoma stans [214], Trachelospermum jasminoides [366].
Caffeic acid	Calendula officinalis [101], Carica papaya, Celosia cristata [214], Convolvulus althaeoides, Ethlingera elatior, Guzmania hybrid [366], Helianthus annuus [456], Hydrangea petiolaris, Ixora javanica, Lavandula angustifolia, Lycoris radiata, Ocimun basilicum, Pelargonium × hortorum, Pelargonium peltatum [366], Portulaca oleracea [214], Saccharum edule, Salvia splendens, Trachelospermum jasminoides [366].
Ferulic acid	Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Dahlia anemone, Ethlingera elatior, Gardenia jasminoide [366], Helianthus annnuus [456], Ixora javanica, Lycoris radiata, Nerium oleander, Saccharum edule [366].
Quercetrin	Aglaonema commutatum, Aloysia citrodora, Alstroemeria aurea, Anthurium andraeanum, Begonia argentea, Begonia cavaleriei, Begonia × semperflorens, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum annuum, Celosia cristata, Centaurea sonchifolia, Citrullus lanatus, Coriandrum sativum, Dahlia anemone, Dianthus chinensis, Diplotasis tenuifolia, Escallonia rubra, Euonymus japonicus, Euphorbia milii, Eustoma grandiflorum, Fallopia aubertii, Fragaria ananassa, Fuchsia magellanica, Gossypium arboretum, Gypsophila paniculate, Hibiscus syriacus [366], Hypericum cardonae, Hypericum carinosum, Hypericum cuatrecasii, Hypericum garciae, Hypericum humboldtianum, Hypericum laricifolium, and Hypericum myricarifolium [458], Impatiens balsamina, Lathyrus aphaca, Limonium sinuatum, Mentha suaveolens, Nerium oleander, Pelargonium × domesticum, Pelargonium × hortorum, Petunia × hybrida, Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Plantago major, Plumbajo capensis, Pterocaya stenoptera, Rosa × hybrida [436], Rhododendrom simsii, Saponaria officinalis, Senna alexandrina, Sophora japonica, Tecoma capensis, Trifolium cernuum, Verbena × hybrida [366], Zinnia elegans [214].
Quercetin	Aglaonema commutatum, Begonia argentea, Bunias orientalis, Calendula officinalis, Catharanthus roseus, Celosia cristata, Dianthus chinensis, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Escallonia rubra [366], Eruca sativa, Eruca ssp., Hypericum cardonae, Hypericum carinosum, Hypericum cuatrecasii, Hypericum garciae, Hypericum humboldtianum, Hypericum laricifolium, Hypericum myricarifolium [458], Ixora arboreoa, Ixora parviflora, Petunia × hybrida, Plumbago capensis, Rosa hybrida [366], Spilanthes oleracea, Verbena × hybrida [214,366].
Galic acid	Begonia cavaleriei, Begonia × semperflorens, Celosia cristata, Coriandrum sativum, Dahlia anemone, Dianthus chinensis, Euonymus japonicus, Euphorbia milii, Fallopia aubertii, Fuchsia magellanica, Gossypium arboreum, Heliotropium peruvianum [366], Hypericum cardonae, Hypericum carinosum, Hypericum cuatrecasii, Hypericum garciae, Hypericum humboldtianum, Hypericum laricifolium, Hypericum myricarifolium [458], Ixora finlaysoniana, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Limonium sinuatum, Lycoris radiata, Nerium oleander, Pelargonium × domesticum, Pelargonium × hortorum, Pelargonium peltatum, Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Pterocarya stenoptera, Portulaca oleracea, Rosa hybrida [366], and Trachelospermum jasminoides [214].
Hydroxybenzoic acid	Begonia × semperflorens, Celosia cristata, Chlorophytum comosum, Coriandrum sativum, Dahlia coccinea, Gossypium arboreum, Hypericum cardonae, Hypericum carinosum, Hypericum cuatrecasii, Hypericum garciae, Hypericum humboldtianum, Hypericum laricifolium, Hypericum myricarifolium [458], Ixora coccinea, Lycoris radiata, Mirabilis jalapa [366], Portulaca oleracea [214], Scaevola aemula, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum rantonnetti, Trachelospermum jasminoides [366].
Cumaric acid	Agapanthus africanus, Agastache anisata, Allium schoenoprasum [369], Begonia cavalerier, Begonia × semperflorens, Celosia cristata, Campanula carpatica, Campanula portenschalagiana, Campanula shetleri, Canna indica, Catharanthus roseus, Cichorium intybus, Coriandrum sativum, Cucurbita maxima, Dahlia anemone, Dianthus caryophyllus, Euonymus japonicus, Euphorbia milii, Fuchsia magellanica, Gaillardia × grandiflora, Gazania × hybrida, Gladiolus communis, Heliotropium peruvianum, Jasminum sambac, Lantana camara, Lycoris radiata, Magnolia grandiflora, Mattiola incana, Nerium oleander, Osteospermun fructicosum, Passiflora × belotti, Pelargonium × domesticum, Pelargonium × hortorum, Pelargonium peltatum, Petunia × hybrida, Polygala vulgaris, Portulaca oleracea, Rosa hybrida, Russelia equisetiformis [366], Taraxacum officinale [214], Verbena × hybrida, and Vitex agnus-castus [366].
Kaempferol	Purple amaranth, Antirrhinum majus, Begonia × semperflorens, Bunias orientalis, red and Orange Capuzin, Catharanthus roseus, Celosia cristata [366], Chrysanthemum spp, Chrysanthemum morifolium [111], Colvolvulus scammonia, Coreopsis grandiflora, Dahlia anemone [366], Dahlia pinnata, Eruca sativa, Eruca ssp., Hypericum cardonae, Hypericum carinosum, Hypericum cuatrecasii, Hypericum garciae, Hypericum humboldtianum, Hypericum laricifolium, Hypericum myricarifolium [458], Impatiens walleriana, Ixora coccinea, Limonium sinuatum, Malvaviscus arboreus [366], Punica granatum [406], Rosa hybrida [366], Spathiphyllum montanum, and Tagetes patula [214].
Anthocyanins	Bidens ferulifolia, Capsicum annuum, Catharanthus roseus [214], twenty-three Dendranthema grandiflorum, Ixora chinensis, Lycoris radiata, Malus ‘Royalty’, Malus micromahus ‘Makino’, Malus ‘Pink spire’, Malus ‘Sparkler’, Malus ‘Strawberry Parfait’ [279], Punica granatum [406], Rosa spp. ‘Mister Lincoln’, ‘Papa Meilland’, Rosa rugosa ‘Veilchenblau’, ‘Better Times’, ‘María Callas’, ‘Queen Elizabeth’, Spilanthes oleracea, Solanum melongena, Tropaeolum majus, Tagetes erecta, JasminePrimu majus [459], Zantedeschia hybrid ‘Albomaculata’, ‘Black Magic’, ‘Florex Gold’, ‘Mango’, ‘Majestic Red’, ‘Chianti’, ‘Treasure’, ‘Pink’, and ‘Persuasion’ [460].