Table 4.

Novel techniques/methods for assessing psoriasis ‘molecular footprint’. (↑ increased, ↓ decreased).

Author, Year	Technique	Outcome	p
[93]	Skin surface wash sampling (followed by ELISA quantification of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6 cytokine levels)	TNF-α secretion ↑ in psoriatic lesional skin compared to psoriatic non-lesional area	p < 0.05
		IL-1α, IL-6 level ↑ in lesional skin compared to control skin	p < 0.01 p < 0.05
[94]	Tape stripping and ELISA analysis of S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer	Significant ↑ levels of SC S100A8/A9 in psoriasis lesional skin compared to non-lesional and control skin	p < 0.001
		S100A8/A9 levels in SC of psoriasis patients positively correlated with PASI score	r = 0.265, p = 0.019
[95]	FibroTX Transdermal Analysis Patch (TAP) and ELISA for IL-1α, IL-1RA, CXCL-1/2, hBD-1	IL-1RA, CXCL-1/2, hBD-1 levels ↑ in lesional versus non-lesional psoriatic skin	p < 0.001 p < 0.01 p < 0.05
		IL-1α ↑, CXCL-1/2 ↓ in healthy versus lesional psoriatic skin	p < 0.001 p < 0.01
		A clear reduction in IL-1RA and CXCL 1/2 on lesional skin after 4w of NB-UVB treatment	p < 0.01 p < 0.05
		Positive correlation between CXCL-1/2 and SLEB thickness	r = 0.512, p = 0.004
[96]	Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) and Multiplex bead-based immunoassay for IL-18, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin	IL-18 GCF levels ↑ in psoriatic patients versus controls	p < 0.05
		sE-selectin GCF levels ↓ in psoriasis patients versus healthy controls	p < 0.05
		Psoriasis was associated with IL-18 and E-selectin levels regardless of periodontal status, age, and smoking	p < 0.05
[97]	Saliva samples, ELISA for IL-1β assessment	Significantly ↑ salivary IL-1β levels in patients versus controls at baseline	p < 0.0001
		TNF-α inhibitor treatment significantly ↓ IL-1β levels compared with baseline	p = 0.0002
		Positive correlation between PASI score and IL-1β level after treatment	r = 0.21, p = 0.0028