Table 5.

Other comorbid conditions in psoriasis.

Comorbid Condition	Physiopathological Mechanisms	Reference
Sleep disorders	Lower melatonin levels in patients with psoriasis	[161]
	Increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in psoriasis and in cases of sleep restriction
	Role of substance P in keratinocyte proliferation and in sleep disorders
Thyroid autoimmunity	Th1 immune response in psoriasis, PsA, and Autoimmune Thyroiditis (AT), high circulating levels of CXCL10	[162]
	Th17 percentage positively correlated with serum TPOAb, TgAb, and TSH levels in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis	[163]
	Disturbed NF-ᴋB signaling in both AT and psoriasis	[164]
Lung disease	In murine lung epithelium, IL-17 led to a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pattern of inflammation	[165]
	Treatment with anti-IL-23 antibody reduces fibrosis, IL-17A and IL-22 levels in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis exacerbation
	The severity of psoriasis determines the risk of COPD	[166]
Osteoporosis	TNF-α and IL-6 increase the production of Receptor Activator of NF-ᴋB Ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin, which stimulate osteoclastogenesis	[167]
NAFLD	TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 may contribute to psoriatic plaque development, impaired glucose metabolism and IR in hepatocytes and adipocytes	[168]