Table 6.

Recent approaches utilizing nanotechnology in the management of psoriasis.

Nanocarrier	Characteristics	Incorporated Drug	Outcome/Results	Study Reference
Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)	Solid lipid and oil, resulting in a less ordered lipid matrix which improves the loading and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and prevents drug leaching and oxidation [205]	Tacrolimus (TAC) and siRNA against TNF-α	Seven-fold reduction in TNF-α expression after NLC TAC TNF-α siRNA	[206]
Nanoemulsion (NE)	A system consisting of two immiscible phases—oil and aqueous phases—stabilized by surfactants with 20–400 nm droplet size, showing high solubilization capacity for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic actives [196]	Clobetasol Propionate (CP) and Calcipotriol (CT)	Six-fold increase in the duration of drug release for the NE compared to free drug Maximum reduction in skin inflammation and scaly lesions	[207]
			95% and 77.77% reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels, respectively, after treatment with NE
Fusogenic nucleic acid-lipid particles (F-NALPs)	Lipid-Based Nanoparticles (LBNPs) with fusogenic lipids can induce lipid fusion between the plasma membrane and cells, promoting cellular uptake of nucleic acids and endosomal escape to targeted genes [198]	STAT3 and TNF-α siRNA	F-NALPs containing siSTAT3 and siTNFα significantly reduced the expression of STAT3 and TNFα mRNA expression	[208]
			Levels of IL-17 and IL-23 shifted back to normal after STAT3 and TNF-α blockade
Gold NPs (AuNPs)	Metallic NPs with low toxicity, with a large surface area, small size, and anti-inflammatory effect [209]	Methotrexate (MTX)	MTX-conjugated AuNP exhibited a penetration either in the epidermis or dermis and had no toxicity on keratinocytes	[210]