Table 2.
Characteristics of the included randomized controlled trials.
| Study (Country) | Sample Size (Included →Analyzed) |
(A) Treatment Intervention | (B) Control Intervention | Duration of Treatment/Follow Up | Outcome | Results Reported | Adverse Events Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King, 2015 (USA) [32] | 29 (15:14)→20 (12:8) | Auricular acupuncture | Waiting list control | 3 weeks | (1-1) Actigraphy- SOL (1-2) WASO (1-3) Sleep Efficiency (%) (1-4) NOA (1-5) Total Sleep Time (2-1) Consensus Sleep Diary-SOL (2-2) WASO (2-3) Sleep Efficiency(%) (2-4) NOA (2-5) Total Sleep Time (3) PCL-M (4) PHQ-9 (5-1)PSQI- Sleep quality (5-2) sleep latency (5-3) sleep duration (5-4) sleep efficiency (5-5) sleep disturbance (5-6) sleep medication (5-7) daytime dysfunction |
(1-1) N.S (1-2) N.S (1-3) N.S (1-4) N.S (1-5) N.S (2-1) N.S (2-2) N.S (2-3) N.S (2-4) N.S (2-5) N.S (3) N.S (4) N.S (5-1) A) > (B) ++ (5-2) N.S (5-3) N.S (5-4) N.S (5-5) N.S (5-6) N.S (5-7) (A) > (B) ++ |
(A): 1 fall down. (B): 2 alcohol-related events, 1 wrist injury, 1 incident of suicidal ideation. |
| Prisco, 2013 (USA) [33] | 35 (12:12:11)→25 (8:8:9) | (a) Auricular acupuncture | (b) Sham auricular acupuncture (c) WTL |
2 months | (1-1) MSD—refreshness rating (1-2) soundness rating (2) ISI -Total Score (3-1) MSD—TST (3-2) SL (3-3) SE (3-4) Naps (4-1) Actigraphy—TST (4-2) SL (4-3) SE (4-4) Naps |
(1-1) N.S (1-2) N.S (2) (a) > (b),(c) + after 1 month, N.S after 2 month (3-1) N.S (3-2) N.S (3-3) N.S (3-4) N.S (4-1) N.S (4-2) N.S (4-3) N.S (4-4) N.S |
(a): dropped out due to discomfort with acupuncture (b),(c): none |
| Engel, 2014 (USA) [34] |
55 (28:27)→55 (28:27) | Manual acupuncture + Usual PTSD care | Usual PTSD Care | 4 weeks | (1) PCL (2) CAPS (3) NRS (4) BDI (5-1) SF-36 PCS (5-2) MCS |
(1) (A) > (B) ++ (2) (A) > (B) + (3) (A) > (B) ++ (4) (A) > (B) ++ (5-1) (A) > (B) ++ (5-2) (A) > (B) ++ |
(A), (B): None |
| Huang, 2019 (USA) [35] | 60 (30:30)→55 (27:28)→52 (25:27) | Manual acupuncture | Sham meridian acupuncture | 1 month | (1) PSQI global score (2) Actigraphy sleep efficiency |
(1) (A) > (B) ++ (2) (A) > (B) + PTSD status did not interact with this effect. |
NR |
“+” and “++” mean significant differences between two groups, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. “N.S” means no significant difference between two groups, p > 0.05. Abbreviations: BDI, total score on the Beck Depression Inventory-II; CAPS, Clinician-administered PTSD Scale total severity score; CI, confidence interval (95%); ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; mTBI, mild Trauma Brain Injury; MSD, Morin Sleep Diary; NOA, number of awakenings; NRS, average pain in the past week on the Numeric Rating Scale for Pain; PCL, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist score; PCL-M, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist—Military version; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SE, Sleep Efficiency; SF36 MCS, Mental Health Component Summary score; SF36 PCS, Physical Component Summary score; SL, Sleep Latency; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, Total Sleep Time; WA, Wrist Actigraph; WASO, wake after sleep onset.