Table 1.

Comparison of positive and negative health effects of the KP metabolites.

Biological Effect	KP Metabolite	Ref.
Anticonvulsant properties	KYNA, PIC	[28]
Anti-inflammatory properties	3HAA, 3HKyn	[28,42]
Antimicrobial activity	KYN, KYNA, CA, PIC	[28,43]
Antioxidant properties	KYNA, XA, AA, 3HKyn	[28,42,44]
Antiviral properties	PIC	[28]
Immunomodulation	KYN, CA	[28,43]
Lipid peroxidation	QA	[45]
Neurotoxicity	3HKyn, QA	[42,45]
Neuroprotective properties	KYNA	[28]
Oxidative stress regulation	KYN, 3HKyn, 3HAA	[28]
Proconvulsant properties	QA	[28]
Pro-oxidant properties	3HKyn, QA	[28,42]
Reduction of lipid peroxidation	KYNA	[28]
Transcription factor	KYN	[28]
Vasodilator in endothelial cells	KYN	[28]

AA—anthranilic acid; CA—cinnabarinic acid; 3HAA—3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; 3HKyn—3-hydroxykynurenine; KYN—kynurenine; KYNA—kynurenic acid; PIC—picolinic acid; QA—quinolinic acid; and XA—xanthurenic acid.