Table 1.
Summary of the impact of different MSC preconditioning methods on the results obtained in different disease models.
| Source | Model | Priming | Outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hP-MSCs | Stroke | 3D culture/scaffolds | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓cell death; ↑anti-inflammatory cytokines/neurotrophic factors; ↑neuronal differentiation; ↑angiogenesis; | [146] |
| hUC-CM | SCI | 3D culture/scaffolds | Functional recovery; ↑angiogenesis; ↑remyelination | [137] |
| hUC-CM | TBI | 3D culture/scaffolds | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓cell death; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↑angiogenesis; ↑neurogenesis; ↑remyelination | [118] |
| hBM-MSCs-Evs | AD | 3D culture/scaffolds | ↓Glial reactivity | [136] |
| hBM-MSC-Ex | TBI | 3D culture/scaffolds | Functional recovery; ↓inflammation; ↑angiogenesis; ↑neurogenesis | [49] |
| rBM-MSC | Stroke | Valproate and/or lithium chloride | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↑angiogenesis; ↑neurogenesis; ↑homing | [139] |
| hADSCs | MS | Rapamycin | ↑Anti-inflammatory cytokines | [154] |
| hWJ-MSC | HIE | Thrombin | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓cell death; ↓glial reactivity | [151] |
| hWJ-MSC | HIE | Thrombin | NA | [152] |
| rBM-MSCs | HI | Tetramethylpyrazine | Functional recovery; ↑angiogenesis; ↑homing | [149] |
| rBM-MSCs | Huntington | Valproate and/or lithium chloride | Functional recovery; ↓cell death | [147] |
| rBM-MSCs | PD | Fasudil | Functional recovery; ↑neurotrophic factors; ↑angiogenesis; | [153] |
| rBM-MSCs | Stroke | Hydrogen sulfide | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓cell death; ↑neurotrophic factors | [148] |
| rBM-MSCs | Stroke | Roxadustat (FG-4592) | Functional recovery; ↓cell death; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; | [155] |
| rBM-MSCs | TBI | Calpain inhibitor (MDL28170) | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↑anti-inflammatory cytokines | [150] |
| rBMSC-CM | HIE | Cobalt chloride | Functional recovery; ↓cell death | [138] |
| rBMSC-CM | Neuroinflammation (induced by LPS) | Salidroside | ↓Cell death; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity | [156] |
| rBM-MSC | Stroke | IGF-1 | Functional recovery; ↑angiogenesis;↑neurogenesis | [140] |
| rBM-MSCs | MS | SDF-1α | Functional recovery; ↓glial reactivity; ↑homing | [158] |
| hASC-CM | PA | TNF-α and IFN-γ | Functional recovery; ↓cell death; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↓oxidative Stress; | [162] |
| hASC-CM | TBI | TNF-α and IFN-γ | ↓Inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↓loss of visual acuity | [160] |
| hASC-CM | TBI | TNF-α and IFN-γ | ↓Inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↓loss of visual acuity; | [165] |
| hASC-CM | TBI | TNF-α and IFN-γ | ↓inflammation; ↓excitoxicity | [159] |
| rASC-CM or hASC-CM | ICH | BDNF | ↓Lesion volume; ↓glial reactivity | [164] |
| rBMSC-CM | Stroke | IL-1α | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↑body weight | [142] |
| hBM-MSC-Evs | AD | TNF-α and IFN-γ | ↓Inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↑anti-inflammatory cytokines | [141] |
| rBM-MSC-Ex | TBI | BDNF | Functional recovery; ↓cell death; ↑neurogenesis | [163] |
| hADSCs | SCI | Hypoxia | ↓Cell death; ↑neurogenesis | [169] |
| hOM-MSCs | ICH | Hypoxia | ↓Cell death; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity | [168] |
| rADMSCs | TBI | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓cell death; ↓inflammation; ↑anti-inflammatory cytokines/neurotrophic factors; | [174] |
| rBM-MSCs | Brain injury caused by cardiac arrest | Hypoxia | ↓Inflammation; ↑homing | [172] |
| rBM-MSCs | ICH | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↑neurotrophic Factors; ↑neurogenesis; | [170] |
| rBM-MSCs | Stroke | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓inflammation; ↑neurotrophic factors; ↑angiogenesis; ↑neurogenesis; ↑differentiation | [144] |
| rBM-MSCs | Stroke | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓cell death; ↑homing | [173] |
| rBM-MSCs | Stroke | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↑neurotrophic factors; ↑angiogenesis; ↑neurogenesis; | [171] |
| hASC-CM | TBI | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↓cell death | [178] |
| hBMSC-CM | TBI | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓cell death | [119] |
| rBMSC-CM | Stroke | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓cell death; ↑angiogenesis | [177] |
| rBM-MSC-Ex | AD | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓inflammation; ↓glial reactivity; ↑anti-inflammatory cytokines/neurotrophic factors | [143] |
| hUC-MSCs-Ex | Stroke | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↑body weight | [180] |
| hUC-MSCs-Ex | TBI | Hypoxia | Functional recovery; ↓cell death; ↓inflammation; ↑angiogenesis; ↑neurogenesis | [179] |
| rBM-MSCs | SCI | Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓glial reactivity; ↑neurotrophic factors | [184] |
| rBM-MSCs | Stroke | Ischemic brain tissue extract | ↓Lesion volume; ↓cell death; ↑anti-inflammatory cytokines/neurotrophic Factors; | [181] |
| hUC-CM | TBI | Traumatically injured brain tissue extract | Functional recovery; ↓cell death; ↑neurotrophic factors; ↑neurogenesis; ↑homing; | [25] |
| hUC-MSCs-Ex | Stroke | Cerebral infarct tissue extracts | Functional recovery; ↓lesion volume; ↓cell death; | [183] |
hP-MSCs—Human Placenta Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hUC-MSC—Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hUC-CM—Human-umbilical-cord-conditioned Medium; hUC-MSC-EX—Exosomes derived from Human Umbilical Cord; rBM-MSC—Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem cells; rBM-CM—Rat-bone-marrow-conditioned Medium; hBM-MSC-Ex—Exosomes derived from Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hBM-MSC-Ev—extracellular vesicles derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hOM-MSCs—Human Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem cells; hASC—Human Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hWJMSC—Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells; NA—Not applicable; HIE—Hypoxic-ischaemic Encephalopathy; TBI—traumatic brain injury; SCI—spinal cord injury; MS—multiple sclerosis; AD—Alzheimer’s disease; ICH—Intracerebral Hemorrhage; PA—Perinatal Asphyxia; IGF-1—insulin-like growth factor 1; SDF-1α—Stromal Cell-derived Factor 1; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor alfa; IFN-γ—Interferon gamma; BDNF—brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IL-1α—Interleukin 1-alpha; ↓—decrease; ↑cincrease.