Table 1.
Jurisdiction | Year | Variables for ASMMa categorizations | Variables for outcomeb categorizations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sexual identityc | Sex of sexual contactsd | Ever tested for HIVe | Ever tested for STDsf | ||
Chicago, IL | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Connecticut | 2007 | ✓ | ✓ | ||
2009 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
2011 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Duval County, FL | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Hawaii | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Houston, TX | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Los Angeles, CA | 2011 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Massachusettsg | 2005 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
2007 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
2009 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
2011 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Memphis, TN | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Michigan | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
New Jersey | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
New York City, NY | 2009 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
2011 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
North Carolina | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Orange County, FL | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Palm Beach, FL | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
San Diego, CA | 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Vermont | 2011 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Despite containing relevant survey questions, Baltimore, MD, Detroit, MI, Philadelphia, PA, and Washington, D.C., were not included in our analyses because we did not have access to their data at the time of drafting this article. Although the 2009 high school YRBS in Vermont, the 2009–2011 surveys in Seattle, WA, and the 2013 survey in San Francisco, CA, collected information for ASMM categorization and regarding ever testing for HIV, we did not consider these datasets as they lacked information on relevant sexual behavior characteristics. The 2007–2013 high school YRBSs in Boston, MA, collected relevant information, but we excluded these data in favor of larger samples from Massachusetts as combining potentially overlapping samples was deemed inappropriate with respect to weighting. Although the 2009–2013 surveys in North Dakota collected information for ASMM categorization, we did not include these datasets because we were unable to separate information about lifetime HIV and STD testing from their composite question: “Have you ever been tested for a STD, including HIV, the virus that causes AIDS?” Response options: “Yes”; “No”; and “Not sure.”
ASMM for the main analyses were defined as males in grades 9 through 12 who identified as gay or bisexual and/or reported lifetime sexual contact with males or both males and females.
Outcome for the main analyses was defined as lifetime testing for HIV. Outcome for the secondary analyses was defined as lifetime testing for STDs.
High school YRBS question: “Which of the following best describes you?” Response options: “Heterosexual (straight)”; “Gay or lesbian”; “Bisexual”; “and Not sure.”
High school YRBS question: “During your life, with whom have you had sexual contact?” Response options: “I have never had sexual contact”; “Females”; “Males”; and “Females and males.”
High school YRBS question: “Have you ever been tested for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS? (Do not count tests done if you donated blood.).” Response options: “Yes”; “No”; and “Not sure.”
High school YRBS question: “Have you ever been tested for other STDs such as genital herpes, chlamydia, syphilis, or genital warts?” Response options: “Yes”; “No”; and “Not sure.”
High school YRBS question in 2005: “Have you ever been tested for HIV infection or other STDs such as genital herpes, chlamydia, syphilis, or genital warts?” Response options: “No, I have never been tested for HIV or other STDs”; “Yes, I have been tested for HIV”; “Yes, I have been tested for other STDs”; and “Yes, I have been tested for both HIV and for other STDs.”
ASMM, adolescent sexual minority males; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; STD, sexually transmitted disease; YRBS, Youth Risk Behavior Survey.