Table 5.
Emerging Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease.
| References | Biomarker(s) | Sample Type/Method | Key Findings/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| [71] | ADCOMS | Not specified | Primary evaluation criterion for lecanemab trial |
| [72] | Amyloid through PET SUVr, ADCOMS, CDR-SB, ADAS-Cog14, CSF biomarkers, Hippocampal volume (vMRI) | PET, CSF, vMRI | Secondary criteria for lecanemab trial |
| [74] | CTSB, BDNF, klotho | Blood (systemic) | Evaluated after a 26-week aerobic regimen |
| [75] | Aβ40, Aβ42/40 | CSF | Dietary patterns influenced these biomarkers |
| [76] | GFAP | Plasma | Elevated in preclinical AD vs. healthy elderly |
| [84] | REST protein | CNS and in vitro | Potential novel biomarker for AD |
| [85] | NPTXR | Not specified | Indicative of AD progression |
| [86] | APOE ε4 allele | Genetic | Major determinant for AD susceptibility |
| [87] | NPTXR and 29 other brain-centric proteins | CSF | NPTXR levels decrease as AD progresses |
| [88] | Aβ42, T-tau, P-tau | CSF | Standard protocols used for assessment |
| [90] | YKL-40 | Not specified | Marker for AD-related neuroinflammation |
| [95] | Desmosterol | Plasma | Reduced levels in AD patients; potential diagnostic biomarker |