Table 6.
The wide variety of biomarkers used in Parkinson Disease and their clinical association.
| References | Biomarker(s) or Indicator | Association/Significance |
|---|---|---|
| [99] | Classic rest tremor, Unilateral tremor presentation, Leg tremor, Associated rigidity, Response to levodopa | Indicators suggestive of Parkinson’s disease |
| [100] | Distal resting tremor (3 to 6 Hz), Bradykinesia, Asymmetrical onset, Late-onset postural instability, Olfactory deficits, Micrographia | Clinical signs required for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis |
| [105] | BNA neuromarker (from EEG data) | Stands out for its clinical utility and repeatability in ESPD diagnosis |
| [108] | Digital biomarkers (mobility) | Potential in passive monitoring indicative of decreased mobility in PD participants |
| [111] | CSF αSyn decline | Documented decline in Parkinson’s patients compared to healthy controls |
| [113] | T1w/T2w ratio within the midbrain | Could serve as an early detection biomarker for PD due to various PD-associated changes |
| [114] | Platelet CoQ10 redox ratios | Indicative of reduced platelet CoQ10 redox in PD patients |
| [116] | Treatment-induced biomarker levels (Sargramostim) | Association with improved MDS-UPDRS Part III scores and modified immune functions |
| [117] | α-Synuclein, neurofilament light chain, tau, etc. | Assessed as potential exploratory endpoints, but duration was potentially insufficient for significant changes |
| [118] | Oligomeric α-synuclein and p-tau (effects of nilotinib) | Suggest that reducing these could enhance dopamine metabolism in PD patients |
| [119] | DaT-SPECT | Employed as a PD enrichment biomarker |