Table 7.
New avenues in biomarker development of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
| References | Biomarker(s) or Indicator | Association/Significance |
|---|---|---|
| [94,95] | Ferroptosis markers (lipid and iron accumulation) | Linked to ALS-associated programmed cell death |
| [139] | Neurofilament light chain (NfL) | Indicator of neural integrity specific to ALS |
| [139] | Phosphorylated heavy chain (pNfH) | Indicator of neural integrity specific to ALS |
| [141] | NfL | Higher baseline levels linked with steeper decline in ALSFRS-r |
| [141] | 4-HNE | Linked with steeper decline in ALSFRS-r |
| [141] | 8-oxo-dG | Linked with steeper decline in ALSFRS-r |
| [141] | FT | Linked with steeper decline in ALSFRS-r |
| [142] | MCP-1 | Observed distinct effects in PP population |
| [142] | FOXP3 mRNA | Observed distinct effects in PP population |
| [142] | Actin-NT | Significant change over time detected in the PP population |
| [142] | PPIA | Associated with progression rate |
| [145] | CRP (inflammation marker) | Correlated with clinical disability; role in inflammation |
| [142] | MCP-1 | Indicator of inflammation and neurodegeneration |
| [142] | PPIA | Indicator of inflammation and neurodegeneration |
| [142] | Actin-NT | Indicator of inflammation and neurodegeneration |
| [142] | 3-NT | Indicator of inflammation and neurodegeneration |
| [142] | IL-17 | Indicator of inflammation and neurodegeneration |
| [142] | NfL | Indicator of inflammation and neurodegeneration |
| [142] | Tregs (identified through FOXP3 and CD25 mRNA) | Indicator of inflammation and neurodegeneration |
| [144] | Plasma NfL levels | Used for monitoring onset of clinically evident ALS |
| [147] | Blood monocyte immune activation markers CD16 | Monitored for reactions to NP001 |
| [147] | HLA-DR | Monitored for reactions to NP001 |