Figure 5.

Effect of palmatine on cognitive decline and mitochondrial dysfunction in an AD mouse model. (A) Schematic diagram of the animal experiments. (B–D) PS2APP male mice were treated with palmatine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (−) via intranasal administration daily for 4 weeks (n = 6 per group). The average latency to find the hidden platform in the target quadrant over 5 consecutive days (B). Time spent in the target zone (C) and the distance traveled in the target quadrant (D) in the Morris water maze test during the probe trial session on the 7th day. (E–G) PS2APP mice in (B–D) were sacrificed after the Morris water maze test and mitochondria were isolated from the hippocampus. Using isolated mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential (E), mitochondrial superoxide levels (F), and ATP levels (G) were analyzed (n = 4 per group). (H–N) PS2APP mice in (B,D) were sacrificed after the Morris water maze test and brain lysates were subjected to western blot analysis using the indicated antibodies (n = 4 per group). Quantified protein levels from four mice (I–N). The results are shown as the mean ± SD. Significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Šidák’s multiple-comparison test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.