Table 1.
Clinical characteristics with respect to sex in 193 Russian HCM patients.
| Characteristics | Total Group n = 193 |
Males n = 100 |
Females n = 93 |
p-Value Males vs. Females |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demography | ||||
| Males/Females, n (%) | 100 (52)/93 (48) | - | - | - |
| Age at enrollment, years (median [IQR]) | 56 [42–66] | 50 [38–65] | 60 [46–67] | 0.011 |
| Age at diagnosis, years (median [IQR]) | 49 [37–62] | 45 [35–60] | 54 [42–63] | 0.018 |
| Diagnosed over 60 years, n (%) | 52 (27) | 23 (23) | 29 (31) | 0.20 |
| History of HCM | ||||
| Family history of HCM in probands, n (%) | 44/176 (25) | 21/92 (23) | 23/84 (27) | 0.51 |
| Family history of SCD < 40 years ˆ, n (%) | 22 (11) | 4 (4) | 18 (20) | 0.001 |
| Reason for diagnosis of HCM | ||||
|
56 (29) | 37 (37) | 19 (20) | 0.011 |
|
119 (62) | 54 (54) | 65 (70) | 0.023 |
|
17 (9) | 9 (9) | 9 (10) | 0.87 |
| First diagnosis at enrollment, n (%) | 66 (34) | 23 (23) | 29 (31) | 0.20 |
| Asymptomatic at enrollment, n (%) | 40 (21) | 27 (27) | 13 (14) | 0.026 |
| Obstructive HCM *, n (%) | 93 (48) | 46 (46) | 47 (51) | 0.53 |
| 5-year SCD risk score, % | 2.7 [1.8–4.0] | 3.2 [2.1–4.5] | 2.4 [1.6–3.5] | 0.002 |
| 5-year SCD risk score > 6%, n (%) | 22 (11) | 15 (17) | 7 (8) | 0.07 |
| HCM-associated events in past history | ||||
| NYHA class III/IV, n (%) | 43 (22) | 16 (16) | 27 (29) | 0.030 |
| Ventricular tachycardia, n (%) | 34 (18) | 20 (20) | 14 (15) | 0.24 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 52 (27) | 21 (21) | 31 (33) | 0.05 |
| Stroke/TIA, n (%) | 11 (6) | 7 (7) | 4 (4) | 0.42 |
| Hypokinetic HCM, n (%) | 8 (4) | 3 (3) | 5 (5) | 0.49 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 121 (63) | 62 (62) | 59 (63) | 0.84 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), n (%) | 60 (31) | 32 (32) | 28 (30) | 0.78 |
| Documented CAD **, n (%) | 19 (10) | 8 (8) | 11 (12) | 0.37 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 22 (11) | 7 (7) | 15 (8) | 0.05 |
| Diagnostics at enrollment | ||||
| 24 h Holter monitoring, n (%) | 150 (78) | 76 (76) | 74 (80) | 0.55 |
| Contrast CMR, n (%) | 70 (36) | 38 (38) | 32 (34) | 0.60 |
|
54/70 (77) | 30/38 (79) | 24/32 (75) | 0.70 |
|
2/70 (3) | 1/38 (2.6) | 1/34 (3) | 0.99 |
|
4/70 (6) | 3/38 (8) | 1/34 (3) | 0.62 |
| (CT) coronary angiography, n (%) | 89 (46) | 42 (42) | 47 (51) | 0.23 |
| Stress Echocardiography, n (%) | 25 (13) | 14 (14) | 11 (12) | 0.65 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (median [IQR]) | 816 [260–2102] | 585 [197–1737] | 917 [463–2567] | 0.06 |
| Creatinine, µmoL/l (median [IQR]) | 92 [76–106] | 96 [86–112] | 78 [69–98] | <0.0001 |
| Treatment at enrollment and during follow-up | ||||
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 122 (63) | 61 (62) | 61 (66) | 0.57 |
| ICD implantation, n (%) | 11 (5.7) | 3 (3) | 8 (8.6) | 0.09 |
| Septal reduction therapy, n (%) | 36 (19) | 17 (17) | 19 (20) | 0.54 |
| Alcohol septal ablation, n (%) | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.62 |
| Mitral valve surgery, n (%) | 12 (6) | 3 (3) | 9 (9.7) | 0.06 |
| Pacemaker, n (%) | 10 (5) | 2 (2) | 8 (8.6) | 0.05 |
|
6 (3) | 0 | 6 (6.5) | 0.011 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter ablation, n (%) | 9 (4.7) | 4 (4) | 5 (5) | 0.74 |
HCM—hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; SCD—sudden cardiac death; NYHA—New York Heart Association; TIA—transient ischemic attack; BMI—body mass index; CAD—coronary artery disease; CMR—cardiac magnetic resonance; LGE—late gadolinium enhancement; CT—computed tomography; NT-proBNP—N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; ICD—implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; SRT—septal reduction therapy; AF—atrial fibrillation; HF—heart failure. ˆ First- and second-degree relatives. * LV outflow gradient ≥ 30 mmHg at rest or after provocation. ** Myocardial infarction or revascularization or significant (>50%) coronary atherosclerosis.