Table 2.
Data of echocardiography, electrocardiography, and Holter monitoring with respect to sex in 193 Russian HCM patients.
| Total Group n = 193 |
Males n = 100 |
Females n = 93 |
p-Value Males vs. Females |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography (100% of included patients) | ||||
| Morphology | ||||
| Apical HCM, n (%) | 25 (13) | 12 (12) | 13 (14) | 0.68 |
| Midventricular HCM, n (%) | 5 (2.6) | 2 (2) | 3 (3) | 0.67 |
| Maximal LVWT, mm (median [IQR]) | 20 [17.5–23] | 20 [18–24] | 20 [17–22] | 0.042 |
| Indexed maximal LVWT, mm/m2 (median [IQR]) | 10 [9–12] | 10 [8–12] | 11 [10–13] | 0.025 |
| Extreme LVH (≥30 mm), n (%) | 6 (3) | 5 (5) | 1 (1) | 0.21 |
| Non-compaction myocardium, n (%) | 8 (4) | 6 (6) | 2 (2) | 0.18 |
| Indexed LV EDV, mL/m2 (median [IQR]) | 46.5 [35–56] | 49 [42–59] | 43 [32–53] | 0.001 |
| Indexed LV ESV, mL/m2 (median [IQR]) | 15 [10–20] | 17 [12–21] | 12 [9–18] | 0.001 |
| Indexed LV EDV < 50 mL/m2, n (%) | 118 (61) | 54 (54) | 64 (69) | 0.035 |
| LA diameter, mm (median [IQR]) | 44 [40–49] | 46 [41–51] | 43 [39–46] | 0.025 |
| LA diameter ≥ 45 mm, n (%) | 91 (47) | 54 (54) | 37 (40) | 0.05 |
| Indexed LA ESV, mL/m2 | 42 [33–53] | 41 [33–50] | 42 [33–56] | 0.42 |
| Functional parameters | ||||
| LVOT gradient at rest, mmHg | 14 [5–55] | 13 [5–45] | 15 [7–66.5] | 0.18 |
| LVOTO ≥ 30 mmHg at rest, n (%) | 61 (32) | 30 (30) | 31 (33) | 0.62 |
| LVOTO ≥ 30 mmHg after provocation (latent), n (%) | 32 (17) | 15 (15) | 17 (18) | 0.56 |
| Indexed LV stroke volume, mL/m2 (median [IQR]) | 30 [25–38] | 32 [27–39] | 29 [23–34] | 0.013 |
| Indexed LV stroke volume < 30 mL/m2, n (%) | 101 (52) | 44 (44) | 57 (61) | 0.016 |
| LVEF, % (median [IQR]) | 67 [60–73] | 65 [59–71] | 69 [62–73] | 0.020 |
|
162 (84) | 81 (81) | 81 (87) | 0.25 |
| Restrictive type, n (%) | 20 (10) | 12 (12) | 8 (8.6) | 0.44 |
| E/e’ | 11 [7–17] | 9 [6–17] | 12 [8–17] | 0.007 |
| SPAP > 40 mmHg, n (%) | 35 (18) | 14 (14) | 21 (23) | 0.13 |
| Electrocardiography (100% of included patients) | ||||
| Normal electrocardiogram, n (%) | 4 (2.1) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (2.2) | 0.94 |
| Sinus rhythm, n (%) | 181 (94) | 96 (96) | 85 (91) | 0.19 |
| Pathological Q waves, n (%) | 43 (22) | 20 (20) | 23 (25) | 0.45 |
| Poor R wave progression in V1-V3(V4), n (%) | 48 (25) | 22 (22) | 26 (28) | 0.36 |
| T wave inversion *, n (%) | 141 (73) | 76 (76) | 65 (70) | 0.34 |
| Positive T wave in aVR, n (%) | 85 (44) | 47 (48) | 38 (41) | 0.36 |
| Sokolow–Lyon index, mm (median [IQR]) | 30 [21–41] | 30 [24–42] | 30 [20–41] | 0.45 |
| Sokolow–Lyon index ≥ 35 mm, n (%) | 75 (39) | 38 (38) | 37 (40) | 0.80 |
| Left anterior fascicular block, n (%) | 30 (16) | 14 (14) | 16 (17) | 0.54 |
| Complete LBBB, n (%) | 11 (5.7) | 6 (6) | 5 (5) | 0.80 |
| Complete RBBB, n (%) | 7 (3.6) | 1 (1) | 6 (6.5) | 0.12 |
| AV-block 1st degree, n (%) | 24 (12) | 18 (18) | 6 (6.5) | 0.010 |
| 24 h Holter monitoring (78% of included patients) | ||||
| NSVT, n (%) | 29/150 (19) | 16/76 (21) | 13/74 (18) | 0.59 |
| VPBs > 500, n (%) | 24/150 (16) | 13/76 (17) | 11/74 (15) | 0.66 |
| SVT / SPBs > 500, n (%) | 57/150 (38) | 26/76 (34) | 31/74 (42) | 0.44 |
| Conduct disturbance **, n (%) | 41/150 (27) | 25/76 (33) | 16/74 (22) | 0.10 |
HCM—hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LVWT—left ventricular wall thickness; LVH—left ventricular hypertrophy; EDV—end-diastolic volume; ESV—end-systolic volume; LA—left atrial; LV – left ventricle; LVOTO—left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; LVEF—left ventricular ejection fraction; E/e’—early transmitral flow velocity to early mitral annular tissue velocity to estimate LV filling pressure; SPAP—systolic pulmonary artery pressure; LBBB—left bundle branch block; RBBB—right bundle branch block; AV—atrioventricular; NSVT—non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; VPBs—ventricular premature beats; SVT—supraventricular tachycardia; SPBs—supraventricular premature beats. * ≥1 mm in ≥2 contiguous leads except leads aVR and V1. ** Sinoatrial- and AV-blocks.