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. 2023 Oct 26;13(11):860. doi: 10.3390/membranes13110860

Table 3.

Implication of OMVs in Horizontal Gene Transfer.

Bacterial Producer Genetic Material Recipient Bacteria Observations References
Avibacterium paragallinarum P4chr1 ARGs: bl2d_oxa1; aph33ib; cml_e3; tetB A. paragallinarum Modesto
  • -

    Antibiotic-sensitive A. paragallinarum Modesto survived on antibiotic-treated agar plates.

  • -

    The MIC values in the transformed strains did not increase compared with the Modesto strain, suggesting that the genes transferred by OMVs are not persistent in the recipient cells.

 [71]
Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain C227-11ϕcu pESBL plasmid: blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1 Clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates and E. coli K-12 C600
  • -

    ↑ OMV-associated DNA content and ↑ frequency of OMV-mediated blaCTX-M-15 transfer under simulated intraintestinal conditions compared with laboratory conditions

  • -

    ↑ frequency of OMV-mediated blaCTX-M-15 transfer in the presence of ciprofloxacin compared with control samples

 [62]
Escherichia coli strains pUC19; pCP20 -
  • -

    Peptidoglycan defects increase the incorporation of plasmids into OMVs.

  • -

    Glycine is a stimulator of OMV production and the incorporation of plasmids into OMVs.

 [78]
Klebsiella pneumoniae R1 blaKPC-2 K. pneumoniae S1;
E. coli S1
  • -

    OMVs derived from a carbapenem-resistant strain of K. pneumoniae might induce resistance in the carbapenem-sensitive K. pneumoniae strain.

  • -

    No evidence of the emergence of resistant E. coli species after OMV exposure

 [65]
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) pLVPK-like plasmid: prmpA and iroB ESBL-producing classical K. pneumoniae (cKp)
  • -

    Transformants of K. pneumoniae showed hypervirulent and multi-drug-resistant phenotypes.

 [67]
Klebsiella pneumoniae-pGR and Klebsiella pneumoniae-PRM Plasmids containing genes for β-lactamase: pGR and PRM K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031; E. coli ATCC 25922; S. enterica ATCC 14028; P. aeruginosa ATCC 13388; and B. cepacia ATCC 25416
  • -

    Recipient cells of K. pneumoniae and other bacterial genera acquired resistance to ampicillin

  • -

    The transformation efficiency is strictly dependent on the plasmid copy number.

 [66]
Carbapenem-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae NUHL30457 Plasmids containing virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603
  • -

    Recipient cells of K. pneumoniae ATCC strain acquired resistance to carbapenem and potassium tellurite; the transformants had drug resistance and highly pathogenic phenotypes.

 [68]
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli SCAO22 IncI2 plasmid: blaCTX-M-55 E. coli C600
  • -

    OMVs mediated the transfer of the plasmid to the recipient bacterium.

  • -

    The transfer frequency could be influenced by antibiotic treatment.

 [63]
Escherichia coli DH5α pET28a plasmid: nirS E. coli BL21
  • -

    The cell-free OMVs were directly absorbed on the cell membrane of E. coli BL21.

  • -

    The aerobic denitrification gene nirS can be transferred and expressed into the recipient bacterium.

  • -

    ↑ OMVs dose leads to ↑ frequency of HGT.

 [75]
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae IncFIBpKPHS1 plasmid: blaNDM-1 K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031, ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae NTUH-K2044
  • -

    OMV-mediated HGT could be considered a mechanism related to the emergence of CR-hvKP.

  • -

    The gene transfer frequency could be strain-dependent.

 [69]
Klebsiella pneumoniae hvK2115 and CRK3022 phvK2115 plasmid: rmpAp, rmpA2p and iroB; pCRK3022 plasmid E. coli EC600 and
K. pneumoniae K20809
  • -

    OMVs could mediate the intraspecific and interspecific HGT of the two tested plasmids.

 [70]

Abbreviations: ARGs, antibiotic resistance genes; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; ESBL, extended spectrum beta-lactamases; HGT, horizontal gene transfer; CR-hvKP, carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.