Table 1.
Distribution of Characteristics Stratified by Lens Opacity Type in Participants of the Chinese American Eye Study (CHES)
| Variables | No Opacity | Mixed Type | Cortical Only | Nuclear Only | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2363 | n = 531 | n = 386 | n = 927 | ||
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | |||||
| Mean age | 57.4 ± 5.7 | 68.1 ± 8.8 | 62.9 ± 7.8 | 64.4 ± 8.7 | |
| Female gender | 1498 (63.4%) | 323 (60.8%) | 270 (70%) | 572 (61.7%) | |
| Low acculturation score (< 1.9) | 917 (38.9%) | 218 (41.1%) | 162 (42.1%) | 343 (37.1%) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married | 174 (7.5%) | 21 (4%) | 15 (3.9%) | 36 (4%) | |
| Married | 1842 (79%) | 389 (74%) | 293 (76.3%) | 704 (77%) | |
| Divorced/separated | 317 (13.6%) | 116 (22.1%) | 76 (19.8%) | 178 (19.4%) | |
| Income < $20,000 | 1120 (51.3%) | 308 (63.4%) | 221 (62.1%) | 532 (60.5%) | |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 736 (31.4%) | 170 (32.4%) | 114 (29.6%) | 311 (33.8%) | |
| High school and college | 1605 (68.6%) | 355 (67.6%) | 271 (43.6%) | 610 (66.2%) | |
| Language | |||||
| Chinese only | 951 (40.4%) | 231 (43.6%) | 140 (36.3%) | 398 (43%) | |
| Most Chinese some English | 1074 (45.6%) | 221 (41.7%) | 186 (48.2%) | 411 (44.4%) | |
| Equally Chinese and English or more English | 331 (14.1%) | 78 (14.7%) | 60 (15.5%) | 115 (12.4%) | |
| LIFESTYLE FACTORS | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 2005 (85.1%) | 445 (84.3%) | 347 (90.1%) | 783 (85%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 167 (7.1%) | 59 (11.2%) | 24 (6.2%) | 72 (7.8%) | |
| Current smoker | 183 (7.8%) | 24 (4.6%) | 14 (3.6%) | 71 (7.7%) | |
| Alcohol | |||||
| Never | 1991 (84.6%) | 453 (86%) | 337 (87.3%) | 809 (87.4%) | |
| Ex-drinker | 62 (2.6%) | 25 (4.7%) | 10 (2.6%) | 33 (3.6%) | |
| Current drinker | 301 (12.8%) | 49 (9.3%) | 39 (10.1%) | 84 (9.1%) | |
| Treated for diabetesa | 24 (13.4%) | 15 (13.8%) | 8 (16.3%) | 16 (12.3%) | |
| Prior use of anti-inflammatory drugs | 146 (6.2%) | 63 (11.9%) | 43 (11.2%) | 75 (8.1%) | |
| Prior use of statins | 168 (7.1%) | 108 (20.4%) | 46 (12.0%) | 143 (15.5%) | |
| Prior use of contraceptive pills | 153 (10.3%) | 35 (10.9%) | 31 (11.7%) | 59 (10.4%) | |
| Prior use of female hormones | 87 (5.9%) | 35 (11.0%) | 30 (11.2%) | 49 (8.6%) | |
| BIOLOGICAL FACTORS | |||||
| Mean height (cm) | 161.3 ± 8.3 | 158.5 ± 7.9 | 158.4 ± 7.6 | 160.2 ± 8.1 | |
| Mean weight (kg) | 64 ± 11.6 | 61.8 ± 10.6 | 62.2 ± 11.3 | 63.2 ± 10.6 | |
| Mean waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.07 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | |
| Mean random blood glucose | 100.5 ± 33.4 | 107.3 ± 43.1 | 103.2 ± 3 | 103.1 ± 36.7 | |
| Mean HbA1C | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 1.1* | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 6 ± 0.8 | |
| Mean spherical equivalent | −0.6 ± 3.1 | −0.6 ± 4 | −0.6 ± 3.2 | −0.5 ± 3.4 | |
| Self-reported diabetes | 184 (7.8%) | 112 (21.5%) | 50 (13.2%) | 130 (14.2%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 286 (12.1%) | 141 (26.6%) | 75 (19.4%) | 174 (18.8%) | |
| Hypertension | 773 (32.7%) | 313 (59%) | 178 (46.1%) | 455 (49.1%) | |
| Self-reported history of cataract | 207 (10.2%) | 265 (55.2%) | 117 (35.1%) | 257 (32.8%) | |
| Family history of cataract | 1342 (60.5%) | 263 (57.6%) | 183 (52.3%) | 498 (62.3%) | |
| Mean BMI | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 3.7 | 24.6 ± 3.4 | |
| BMIb | |||||
| Normal/underweight | 1405 (60%) | 313 (60%) | 224 (58.2%) | 513 (56.7%) | |
| Overweight | 803 (34.1%) | 186 (35.4%) | 124 (32.2%) | 338 (37.4%) | |
| Obese | 147 (6.2%) | 26 (5%) | 37 (9.6%) | 54 (6%) | |
| Any AMD | 275 (13.3%) | 91 (20%) | 58 (16.1%) | 138 (17.8%) | |
| Comorbiditiesc | |||||
| 0 | 921 (39.0%) | 109 (20.5%) | 117 (30.3%) | 281 (30.3%) | |
| 1 | 622 (26.3%) | 127 (23.9%) | 82 (21.2%) | 209 (22.6%) | |
| ≥2 | 820 (34.7%) | 295 (55.6%) | 187 (48.5%) | 437 (47.1%) | |
| Glaucoma | 313 (13.3%) | 116 (21.9%) | 66 (17.1%) | 196 (21.1%) | |
| Mean pulse pressure | 45.6 ± 12.4 | 55.3 ± 15.3 | 49.9 ± 13.2 | 51.8 ± 14.9 | |
| Mean total cholesterol | 194.3 ± 35.9 | 186.8 ± 37.3 | 194.5 ± 40.8 | 192.2 ± 35.5 | |
| Mean LDL cholesterol | 108.0 ± 31.3 | 102.0 ± 33.6 | 106.4 ± 33.3 | 105.3 ± 29.9 | |
| Mean HDL cholesterol | 49.8 ± 16.1 | 50.3 ± 15.9 | 49.8 ± 15.6 | 51.5 ± 15.4 | |
| Mean triglycerides | 195.9 ± 122.6 | 179.3 ± 101.8 | 203.3 ± 120.8 | 189.9 ± 119.0 | |
| Mean intraocular pressure (OD, mmHg) | 11.14 ± 4.99 | 10.84 ± 5.16 | 11.25 ± 5.08 | 10.91 ± 5.21 | |
| Mean axial length (OD, mm) | 23.85 ± 1.53 | 23.86 ± 1.50 | 23.87 ± 1.42 | 23.82 ± 1.39 | |
| Mean systolic blood pressure | 123.0 ± 18.1 | 130.7 ± 19.2 | 126.7 ± 17.9 | 128.6 ± 19.3 | |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure | 77.3 ± 10.4 | 75.4 ± 10.9 | 76.9 ± 9.9 | 76.7 ± 10.8 | |
| HEALTH CARE ACCESS and UTILIZATION FACTORS | |||||
| Insurance | |||||
| Not insured | 1232 (52.6%) | 147 (28%) | 156 (40.1%) | 376 (41%) | |
| Medical only | 911 (39%) | 289 (55.1%) | 180 (47.2%) | 433 (47.1%) | |
| Medical and vision insurance | 199 (8.5%) | 89 (17%) | 45 (11.8%) | 110 (12%) | |
AMD = age-related macular degeneration; SD = standard deviation; HbA1C = hemoglobin A1C level
Data are shown in column frequencies and percent (%) or mean and standard deviation (SD).
a
Applies only to participants with a diagnosis of diabetes
b
BMI; Body mass indexes were categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0 –29.9 kg/m2), or obese (> 30.0 kg/m2).
c
Comorbidities are based on self-report history of arthritis, stroke or brain hemorrhage, angina, heart disease or condition, heart failure or enlarged heart, asthma, cancer, back problems, deafness or trouble hearing, depression, hypercholesterolemia, thyroid condition, or other major health problem.