Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients with different retinopathy statuses.
| Non-DR (n = 428) | NPDR (n = 108) | PDR (n = 76) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 56.9 ± 12.2 | 58.9 ± 10.6 | 59.5 ± 11.0 | 0.103 |
| Age ≥ 60, n (%) | 173 (40.4) | 51 (47.2) | 32 (42.1) | 0.440 |
| Male, n (%) | 277 (64.7) | 63 (58.3) | 43 (56.6) | 0.242 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 0.067 |
| BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2, n (%) | 213 (49.8) | 49 (45.4) | 32 (42.1) | 0.388 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 131 (30.7) | 26 (24.1) | 12 (15.8) | 0.018 |
| Low education, n (%) | 353 (82.5) | 93 (86.1) | 64 (84.2) | 0.648 |
|
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| Medical history and clinical condition | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 179 (41.8) | 58 (53.7) | 36 (47.4) | 0.074 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.3 ± 17.9 | 135.6 ± 19.8 | 138.6 ± 19.6 | 0.002 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.6 ± 11.7 | 83.4 ± 11.3 | 82.2 ± 12.0 | 0.756 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 4 (0, 10) | 10 (6, 17) | 10 (7, 18) | <0.001 |
| DN, n (%) | 42 (9.8) | 25 (23.1) | 27 (35.5) | <0.001 |
| DPN, n (%) | 148 (34.6) | 70 (64.8) | 48 (63.2) | <0.001 |
| CAD, n (%) | 30 (7.0) | 9 (8.3) | 6 (7.9) | 0.878 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 7 (1.6) | 10 (9.3) | 6 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| ASCVD, n (%) | 35 (8.2) | 18 (16.7) | 11 (14.5) | 0.017 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 58 (13.6) | 28 (25.9) | 25 (32.9) | <0.001 |
|
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| Laboratory examination | ||||
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.75 ± 3.20 | 8.35 ± 3.02 | 8.80 ± 3.52 | 0.487 |
| 2hPBG (mmol/L) | 11.54 ± 4.30 | 11.55 ± 4.09 | 11.00 ± 4.12 | 0.588 |
| HbA1C (%) | 9.92 ± 2.45 | 10.08 ± 2.40 | 9.41 ± 2.21 | 0.165 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.63 (1.07, 2.73) | 1.54 (1.15, 2.30) | 1.53 (1.03, 2.47) | 0.748 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.22 ± 1.55 | 4.93 ± 1.41 | 5.27 ± 1.35 | 0.165 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.28 ± 1.01 | 3.02 ± 0.95 | 3.25 ± 0.97 | 0.058 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.38 | 1.09 ± 0.25 | 1.15 ± 0.49 | 0.391 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 94.95 ± 20.33 | 89.83 ± 23.11 | 78.66 ± 27.65 | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.70 (0.70, 3.40) | 1.30 (0.50, 3.50) | 1.35 (0.60, 3.55) | 0.595 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40.89 ± 4.02 | 39.52 ± 4.18 | 38.27 ± 5.79 | <0.001 |
| Hb (g/L) | 141.42 ± 16.54 | 136.49 ± 17.51 | 128.95 ± 22.63 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 2.06 ± 0.67 | 2.01 ± 0.71 | 1.93 ± 0.61 | 0.289 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 4.25 ± 1.56 | 4.42 ± 1.73 | 4.34 ± 1.47 | 0.578 |
|
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| Medication | ||||
| OAD, n (%) | 258 (61.6) | 77 (74.0) | 55 (74.3) | 0.013 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 47 (11.2) | 35 (33.7) | 28 (37.8) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 73 (18.4) | 27 (28.4) | 15 (20.3) | 0.095 |
|
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| Malnutrition | ||||
| GLIM, n (%) | 65 (15.8) | 18 (17.8) | 23 (32.9) | 0.003 |
| PNI, continuous | 51.17 ± 5.56 | 49.56 ± 6.15 | 47.92 ± 7.10 | <0.001 |
| PNI, categorical, n (%) | 31 (7.2) | 13 (12.0) | 17 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| NRI, continuous | 102.92 ± 6.73 | 100.51 ± 7.00 | 99.07 ± 8.90 | <0.001 |
| NRI, categorical, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| Mild | 50 (11.7) | 18 (16.7) | 9 (11.8) | |
| Moderate-severe | 77 (18.0) | 29 (26.9) | 27 (35.5) | |
| CONUT, continuous | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 3) | 0.015 |
| CONUT, categorical, n (%) | 0.009 | |||
| Mild | 99 (23.1) | 32 (29.6) | 26 (34.2) | |
| Moderate-severe | 13 (3.0) | 6 (5.6) | 7 (9.2) | |
Abbreviations: DR: diabetic retinopathy; NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DN: diabetic nephropathy; DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; CAD: coronary artery disease; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; FBG: fasting blood glucose; 2hPBG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein; OAD: oral antidiabetic drug; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; GLIM: Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; NRI: nutritional risk index; CONUT: controlling nutritional status.