Table 2.
Degree of participation in research projects with examples.
| Contractual | Researchers consent/contract patients to participate in research studies | Patients agree to enrol into a clinical trial of a novel compound at the baseline visit and complete a written consent form/Patients agree to complete a quality of life or IBD symptom questionnaire |
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| Consultative | Researchers consult patients for their opinions at various stages before interventions are made. Researchers need not act on them | Patients are asked for their opinion on the readability of the investigator-led study protocol, patient information leaflet and/or consent form for comment | |
| Collaborative | Researchers and patients work together on projects designed, initiated and managed by researchers. Patients may or may not be able to influence important decisions | Patients have a position on the IBD research project board and develop the study protocol and discuss how best to recruit patients | |
| Collegiate/co-production | Researchers and patients work together as colleagues with different skills to offer, in a process of mutual learning where patients have power to influence wider decisions and able to lead | Patients co-lead the design, data collection and analysis exploring the psychosocial relationship of IBD patients and food, with full academic support from patient and clinician researchers |