Table 2.
Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with the development of complications in autoimmune pancreatitis among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
| Feature | AIP with complication, n = 25/96 [26%] | AIP without complications, n = 71/96 [74%] | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender [males] | 17 [68%] | 34 [48%] | 0.083 |
| Current age [years ± SD] | 49 ± 19 | 37 ± 14 | 0.005 |
| Age at IBD diagnosis [years ± SD] | 39 ± 19 | 30 ± 13 | 0.031 |
| Duration of IBD follow-up [years ± SD] | 9 ± 8 | 7 ± 6 | 0.090 |
| Type of IBD, n [%] | |||
| Crohn’s disease | 2/18 [11%] | 16/18 [89%] | 0.023 * |
| Ulcerative colitis | 21/76 [28%] | 55/76 [72%] | |
| IBDU | 2/2 [100%] | 0/2 [0%] | |
| Montreal IBD classification, n [%] | |||
| Age at CD diagnosis ≤ 16 years | 0/18 [0%] | 3/18 [17%] | 0.160 |
| Age at CD diagnosis 17–40 years | 0/18 [0%] | 7/18 [39%] | |
| Age at CD diagnosis > 40 years | 2/18 [11%] | 6/18 [33%] | |
| Ileal CD [L1] | 0/18 [0%] | 2/18 [11%] | 0.999 |
| Colonic CD [L2] | 2/18 [11%] | 5/18 [28%] | |
| Ileocolonic CD [L3] | 1/18 [5%] | 6/18 [34%] | |
| Upper gastrointestinal CD involvement [L4] | 0/18 [0%] | 2/18 [11%] | |
| CD inflammatory phenotype [B1] | 4/18 [22%] | 12/18 [67%] | 0.999 |
| CD stricturing phenotype [B2] | 0/18 [0%] | 2/18 [11%] | |
| CD penetrating phenotype [B3] | 0/18 [0%] | 0/18 [0%] | |
| Perianal CD | 0/18 [0%] | 2/18 [11%] | 0.999 |
| UC E1 | 2/76 [3%] | 8/76 [10%] | 0.885 |
| UC E2 | 11/76 [14%] | 24/76 [32%] | |
| UC E3 | 8/76 [10%] | 23/76 [31%] | |
| EIM, n [%] | 7 [28%] | 14 [20%] | 0.389 |
| IBD-related interventions [past and present], n [%] | |||
| Systemic steroids | 23 [92%] | 51 [72%] | 0.039 |
| Mesalamine | 20 [80%] | 55 [77%] | 0.792 |
| Immunomodulators | 12 [48%] | 36 [51%] | 0.816 |
| Biologicsa | 11 [44%] | 30 [42%] | 0.879 |
| IBD-related surgeryb | 7 [28%] | 9 [13%] | 0.116 |
| Number of IBD flares, median [IQR] | 3 [1–5] | 2 [1–3] | 0.058 |
| Comorbidities, n [%] | 14 [56%] | 25 [35%] | 0.069 |
| Family history of IBD, n [%] | 1 [4%] | 18 [25%] | 0.021 |
| Active IBD status at the end of follow-up, n [%] | 2 [8%] | 12 [17%] | 0.344 |
| Age at AIP diagnosis [years ± SD] | 42 ± 18 | 32 ± 14 | 0.019 |
| Duration of AIP follow-up [years ± SD] | 6 ± 5 | 5 ± 4 | 0.478 |
| Predominant symptoms at the onset of AIP, n [%] | |||
| Abdominal pain | 18 [72%] | 61 [86%] | 0.232 |
| Jaundice | 2 [8%] | 2 [3%] | 0.277 |
| Weight loss | 2 [8%] | 1 [1%] | 0.165 |
| Asymptomatic | 3 [12%] | 7 [10%] | 0.717 |
| AIP subtype, n [%] | |||
| 1 | 4 [16%] | 15 [21%] | 0.925 |
| 2 | 19 [76%] | 50 [70%] | |
| Undefined | 2 [8%] | 6 [8%] | |
| AIP radiological subtype, n [%] | |||
| Focal AIP presentation in imaging | 11 [44%] | 28 [39%] | 0.690 |
| Diffuse AIP presentation in imaging | 11 [44%] | 34 [48%] | 0.738 |
| Timing of diagnosis | |||
| AIP diagnosis preceded IBD, n [%] | 8 [32%] | 14 [20%] | 0.209 |
| IBD diagnosis preceded AIP or concomitant diagnosis, n [%] | 17 [68%] | 57 [80%] | 0.209 |
| AIP-related treatments and course, n [%] | |||
| Single steroid course with clinical response | 15/17 [88%] | 57/62 [92%] | 0.639 |
| Steroid refractory | 2/17 [12%] | 5/62 [8%] | 0.639 |
| Advanced therapyc | 6 [24%] | 12 [17%] | 0.552 |
| Number of AIP relapses, mean ± SD | 0.5 ± 1 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.368 |
| Active AIP status at the end of follow-up, n [%] | 1 [4%] | 4 [6%] | <1.000 |
aInfliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, etrolizumab.
bColectomy [n = 15], segmental intestinal resection [n = 1].
cImmunomodulator or biological therapy.
Abbreviations: AIP—autoimmune pancreatitis, CD—Crohn’s disease, EIM—extraintestinal manifestations, IBD—inflammatory bowel disease, IBDU—inflammatory bowel disease unclassified, UC—ulcerative colitis.
The differences were calculated by using chi-square, Fisher’s exact, or Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests for categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared by using the Mann–Whitney test due to non-compliance with the normal distribution.
*p values after Bonferroni correction: CD vs UC—p = 0.668; CD vs IBDU—p = 0.095; UC vs IBDU—p = 0.253.