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. 2023 Nov 24;13:20646. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46578-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trait mindfulness moderated the effects of meditation (mindfulness conditions vs. control) on changes in state mindfulness. Dotted lines represent 95% Johnson-Neyman confidence intervals. Region of significance is where the confidence intervals do not cross zero and is below 3.23, such that mindfulness meditation versus control predicted significantly greater increases in state mindfulness when trait mindfulness was below 3.23.