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. 2023 Nov 24;14:7715. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43345-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Each cluster has a distinct distribution by province across South Africa. A The under or over representation of each BAPS cluster by province based on the total number of isolates from each province; blue = fewer isolates than expected, red = more isolates than expected) (percentage difference determined using: $\frac{O - E}{E}$ , where O = actual number of cluster isolates and E = expected number of cluster isolates based on the total number of sample set isolates). Individually, Sf cluster 4 is statistically associated with Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape. Latitude and longitude are overlaid on BAPS cluster 2 map. B The presence of each cluster also varies by level of urbanisation, defined at the district level. * Fisher’s exact p value p = 0.0005. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Maps in A were created using editable MapChart maps (https://www.mapchart.net/), edited and used according to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). BAPS Bayesian analysis of population structure.