Table 2.

CMR biomarkers and short – to – midterm follow up prognosis

Study	year	N	F/U time	Biomarkers	Results
Li et al. [77]	2020	19	3 months	LGE mass, LVMi, T2R, T2, T1 native, ECV	LGE mass and LVMi significantly decreased on 3 months f/u. LGE, T2R, T1 native and T2 discriminate acute versus healed myocarditis. ECV excellent for distinguish healed myocarditis from controls in 3 months f/u
Malek et al. [81]	2020	18	7 months (6–9 months)	T2R, LGE	T2R and LGE: Patients with persistent inflammation on CMR f/u had higher T2R on the initial CMR, higher median number of segments with LGE, higher LVEDV and mass. CMR monitoring of LVEF could not discriminate ongoing inflammation during f/u.
Von Knobelsdorff – Brenkenhoff et al. [78]	2017	18	5–10 days, 5 weeks and 6 months	T2R, T2, T1 native, ECV and LGE	T2R and T2: excellent discrimination of acute versus controls. Gradual decrease over time. T1 native and ECV: Identify diseased patients on baseline. Mildly elevated on healed myocarditis f/u (interstitial fibrosis). LGE: Persisted in the majority of patients as a specific marker of irreversible injury.
Faletti et al. [82]	2017	52	6 months (5–8 months)	LVEF, LVMi, T2R, EGE, LGE	Reduction of LVMi, increase of LVEF, normalization of the T2R and EGE was observed in most of patients with positive evolution. LGE: Persistence with significant reduction of the percentage of LGE.
Berg et al. [79]	2017	24	3 months	LGE	Clinical findings, cardiac enzymes and inflammatory biomarkers may not be sufficient to risk stratify patients in the f/u. LGE: Increase LGE > 20% associates with the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events (arrythmias, chest pain or dyspnea).
Ammirati et al. [83]	2016	49	4–5 months	LGE	Globally, a significant decrease in %LGE was observed in acute myocarditis Patients with LVEF < 55% at presentation, the %LGE was stable or increased at f/u. Baseline %LGE correlated with adverse remodeling (LVESVi) and LVEF. Adverse remodeling was associated with less %LGE reduction at f/u.
Luetkens et al. [88]	2016	69	2–3 weeks, 4–8 weeks, and > 8 weeks	T2R, T2, T1 native, ECV and LGE	T2R and T2: Decrease over time. Baseline myocardial edema correlated with increase EF in f/u. Mapping (T1/T2): Distinguish active versus convalescent myocarditis. LGE: Decrease over time. Marker of irreversible myocardial injury.
Marholdt et al. [31]	2006	71	4–5 months	LGE, LVEDV, LVEF	LGE: LGE in the ventricular septum and total amount of LGE was strongest independent CMR predictor of impaired ventricular function and dilatation at f/u. LVEF and LVEDV: LVEF and LVEDV at presentation combined to PVB19 infection, coinfection, chest pain or HF at presentation were predictors of LV function and dilatation at f/u.