Table 1.
In vitro toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in different cell lines after short-term exposure.
| Organs | Cells | Exposure Time (Hour) | Concentration (μM) | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | HepG2 cells | 24 | 32.0 | Inducing cell death, DNA strand breaks, ROS generation, nuclear changes, cell cycle arrests, and apoptotic body formation | [33] |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 13.0 | Promoting MDA release, inhibiting cell growth, causing DNA migration, and increasing the level of ERK1/2-P (A) in the MAPK pathway | [41] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 100.0 | Decreasing the expression of the p53 protein | [43] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 105.0 | Suppressing p53 protein expression, and causing mitochondrial damage, nuclear condensation, and a loss of cell-to-cell contact | [45] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 16.9 | Increasing ROS and ΔΨm damage, and the expression of p53 | [44] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Inducing ROS production and DNA oxidation | [50] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 30.0 | Increasing GST activity, to induce ROS | [36] | |
| L-O2 cell | 24 | 192.0 | Reducing ΔΨm, and increasing ROS generation | [51] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 5.0 | Causing oxidative stress, and increasing GST activities | [52] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 30.0 | Inducing DNA damage and more significant amounts of ROS | [37] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 32.0 | Inducing oxidative stress, energy metabolism, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis | [34] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 50.0 | Inducing DNA fragmentation and ROS | [53] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Ameliorating DNA damage and p53-mediated apoptosis | [42] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Causing ROS production and DNA damage | [54] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Inducing oxidative lipid damage | [55] | |
| HL7702 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage | [56] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Inducing ROS and DNA strand break, downregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | [57] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 4.0 | Altering the GSH content, GPx, and SOD activity | [58] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 3.0 | Inducing P450 activities and DNA damage | [46] | |
| HepG2 cells | 24 | 48.4 | Increasing ROS generation and MMP disruption, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibiting ATP production | [31] | |
| L-O2 cell | 36 | 40.0 | Inducing autophagy by regulating the EGFR/PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway | [32] | |
| HepG2 cells | 48 | 10.0 | Decreasing the activity of GST, increasing the P450 3A4 activity, and inducing oxidative stress | [59] | |
| L-O2 cell | 48 | 8.0 | Inducing the expression of P450 and the nuclear translocation of AHR | [48] | |
| BFH12 cells | 48 | 0.1 | Causing lipid peroxidation, reducing the antioxidant activity of the NAD(H): quinone oxidoreductase 1, and increasing the cytochrome P450 3A activity | [47] | |
| HepG2 cells | 72 | 2.0 | Inducing apoptosis and cytochrome P450 1A/1B activity | [60] | |
| Intestine | Caco-2 cells | 24 | 13.0 | Promoting MDA release, inhibiting cell growth, causing DNA migration, and increasing the level of ERK1/2-P (A) in the MAPK pathway | [41] |
| Caco-2 cells | 24 | 20.0 | Leading to cellular apoptosis or necrosis: downregulating the Bcl-2 gene and upregulating the Bax, p53, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase- 9 genes, and seriously affecting glycine, serine, threonine, and pyruvate metabolism. | [39] | |
| Caco-2 cells | 24 | 50.0 | Inducing DNA fragmentation and ROS | [53] | |
| Caco-2 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Inducing oxidative lipid damage | [55] | |
| Caco-2 cells | 24 | 80.6 | Increasing ROS and MMP damage, disrupting the ETC, and inhibiting ATP production | [31] | |
| Caco-2 cells | 72 | 3.0 | Increasing intracellular ROS generation, and leading to membrane damage and DNA strand break. | [61] | |
| Kidney | Vero cells | 24 | 40.0 | Inducing DNA fragmentation, increasing the level of p53, and decreasing the level of bcl-2 protein | [62] |
| HEK cells | 24 | 13.0 | Promoting MDA release, inhibiting cell growth, and causing DNA migration | [41] | |
| PK-15 cells | 24 | 1.0 | Inducing ROS production and apoptosis | [63] | |
| MDCK cells | 24 | 0.8 | Inducing oxidative stress: MDA level increased, GSH level and GPX1 activity decreased. | [64] | |
| HEK 293 cells | 48 | 1.6 | Activating oxidative stress | [65] | |
| Bronchial epithelial | BEAS-2B cells | 12 | 1.5 | Inducing mutation by the attenuation of DNA adduct and p53-mediated | [66] |
| BEAS-2B cells | 24 | 0.1 | Inducing apoptosis by inhibiting the CYP enzyme, and increasing DNA adduct | [67] | |
| BEAS-2B cells | 24 | 1.5 | Decreasing both 1A2-expressing and 3A4-expressing CYPs | [68] | |
| Genital system | sperm cells | 4 | 1.0 | Decreasing MMP, and inducing fragmented DNA | [69] |
| Bone marrow | SK-N-SH cells | 24 | 12.8 | Promoting MDA release, inhibiting cell growth, and causing DNA migration | [41] |
| Mammary gland | MAC-T cells | 24 | 12.8 | Increasing ROS production, decreasing MMP, and inducing apoptosis, by reducing three anti-stress genes (Nrf2, SOD2, and HSP70) of the Nrf2 pathway | [70] |
| Bone | MSCs and CD34+ cells | 24 | 10.0 | Inducing DNA damage | [71] |
| Colon | HCT-116 cells | 24 | 10.0 | Increasing the expression of p53 | [72] |
| Brain | NHA-SV40LT cells | 48 | 50.0 | Inducing cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium changes and ROS generation, and changes in AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling | [40] |
ΔΨm: mitochondria membrane permeability; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GST: glutathione S-transferase; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; MDA: malondialdehyde; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; GSH: glutathione; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; CYPs: cytochromes P450; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; Nrf: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; HSP: heat shock protein; AKT: protein kinase B; AHR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; ETC: electron transport chain.