Table 3.
Comprehensive data from different geographical locations showing vertical transmission of E. coli from broiler breeders to chicks.
| Location | Source | Factors/Techniques Used to Identify Vertical Transmission | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | Broiler breeders, Eggs | Bacterial count and lesions | [15] |
| Denmark | Broiler breeders, Live chicks | PGFE and MLST * | [16] |
| Finland | Broiler breeders, Eggs, Poultry house | Antibiotic resistance genes (ESBL/pAmpC) | [18] |
| Italy | Broiler breeders, Dead chicks | Serogrouping (O78 and O139) | [44] |
| Denmark | Broiler breeders, Broilers | Antibiotic resistance (AMP and NAL) * | [80] |
| Sweden | Broiler breeders, Broilers, Hatchery | Antibiotic resistance gene (pAmpC) | [83] |
| Switzerland | Broiler breeders, Live chicks, Environmental sample | Antibiotic resistance gene (blaCTX-M-1) | [85] |
| United States | Broiler breeders | Ec (NAL) * | [88] |
| Netherlands | Broiler breeders, Environmental sample | Antibiotic resistance genes (ESBL/AmpC) | [89] |
* PGFE, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; MLST, multilocus sequence typing; AMP, ampicillin; NAL, nalidixic acid; Ec (NAL), Escherichia coli in nalidixic acid medium.