Table 2.
A summary of plant oils used in the treatment of MS, in vivo EAE model and in vitro microglia studies.
| Plant Oil | Author (Country) Reference Number |
Design of Study | Dosage | Duration of Study | Effects | Possible Mechanisms of Action and Principle Active Compounds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pomegranate Seed Oil (PSO) |
Binyamin et al. [52] (Jerusalem) |
EAE model of MS in female mice |
PSO as nanoemulsion by gavage and PSO with diet at 25 or 75 mL/kg of the diet. |
10 days | ↓ Disease symptoms and burden, ↓ Demyelination, ↓ Oxidation of lipids in the brains of EAE mice. |
Inhibition of both demyelination and lipid oxidation |
| Sesame seed oil (SSO) | Javan et al., [68] (Iran) |
EAE model of MS in female mice | 4 mL/kg/day) injected intraperitoneally. Control was injected with 4 mL phosphate buffer intraperitoneally. |
20 days | ↓ Disease severity, ↓ IFN-γ and IL17 ↑ IL-10 |
Cytokine modulatory and anti-inflammatory effect. |
| Mosayebi, et al., [71] (Iran) |
EAE model of MS in male mice | 4 mL/kg/day) injected intraperitoneally (10 mice). | 25 days |
↓ Clinical symptoms of EAE, ↑ Total antioxidant capacity. |
Inhibition of oxidative stress | |
| Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil (ATBO) | Xue et al., [77] (China) |
Cuprizone induced mice as a MS model | 4% ATBO of the diet. | 2 Weeks | ↓ Demyelination and inhibition of microglia and astrocyte activation in vitro. |
Accelerating the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to mature oligodendrocytes in vitro. |
| Hemp seed oil and Evening primrose oil (HSO + EPO) |
Rezapour -Firouzi et al., [89] (Iran) |
EAE model of MS in female mice |
Oral EPO/HSO (50 λ/mouse) | 2 weeks | ↑ The percentage of essential fatty acids and ω3/ω6-PUFAs. ↑ The expression levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 genes No demyelination in the brain and spinal cord sections of the EPO/HSO treated mice. |
Antioxidants and PUFAs presented in both oils are the responsible compounds for the effect through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative action. |
| Rezapour-Firouzi et al., [92] (Iran) |
EAE model of MS in female mice |
A combination of HSO and EPO at λ/mouse |
28 days after | ↓ of MS diseases in EAE. ↑ the expression of IL-10 gene, ↓ cell infiltration and promote remyelination. |
Immunomodulation and remyelination activities. | |
| Walnut oil (WO) | Ganji et al., [118] (Iran) |
EAE model of MS in female mice |
Gavage daily with 5 mL of WO/kg b.w phosphate buffered saline. |
21 days | ↓ Serious MS Sickness, ↓ T-helper1 activity and ↑ improvement of immune response |
Anti-inflammatory mechanisms |
| Essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus seeds (EOPS) | Alberti et al., [124] (Brazil) |
EAE model of MS in mice and in vitro using microglia macrophages cells of the central nervous system |
Oral treatment of E0PS dissolved in Tween 80 and 0.9% NaCl at 50–100 mg/kg. |
25 days | ↓ Neurological signs and the development of MS diseases in EAE animals ↓ microglial activation and expression of iNOS. |
Inhibition of microglial activation and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and reduce the oxidative stress. |
| Olive Oil | Gutiérrez-Miranda et al., [141] (Greece) |
EAE model of MS in female mice | Treated mice with olive oil were injected intraperitoneally With 10 mg/kg/day |
24 days | ↑Protection against EAE ↓ superoxide anion and lipid oxidation products in colon, ↑ Antioxidant activity. ↓ reduction in colonic IL-1 β and TNFα levels. |
Anti-oxidative and inti-inflammatory mechanisms. |
| Conde et al. [151] (Spain) |
EAE model of MS in rats | 10% of the calorie intake (in terms of weight) is EVOO with a gastric catheter. |
51 days | ↓ In the bacterial endotoxin levels in the intestines, ↓ Oxidative damage in non-nervous organs. ↑ the clinical score of the disease. |
Anti-oxidative damage. in the EAE model |