Table 2.
Association between single PFASs (categorical variables) and the incidence of RTIs.
| Low Concentration | Medium Concentration | High Concentration | P trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |||
| PFOA (ng/mL) | <1.40 | 1.40–1.86 | >1.86 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 0.81 (0.4, 1.37) | 0.408 | 0.95 (0.56, 1.63) | 0.805 | 0.916 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 0.80 (0.51, 1.25) | 0.531 | 0.81 (0.52, 1.28) | 0.649 | 0.410 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.29 (0.67, 2.49) | 0.465 | 1.10 (0.56, 2.15) | 0.912 | 0.842 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 0.64 (0.37, 1.11) | 0.117 | 0.90 (0.53, 1.51) | 0.627 | 0.781 |
| PFNA (ng/mL) | <0.23 | 0.23–0.33 | >0.33 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 0.89 (0.52, 1.51) | 0.986 | 0.79 (0.46, 1.35) | 0.456 | 0.395 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 1.50 (0.96, 2.37) | 0.114 | 1.21 (0.76, 1.93) | 0.961 | 0.466 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.29 (0.60, 2.42) | 0.323 | 0.95 (0.48, 1.89) | 0.559 | 0.869 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 1.38 (0.81, 2.38) | 0.424 | 1.32 (0.76, 2.30) | 0.625 | 0.352 |
| PFDA (ng/mL) | <0.13 | 0.13–0.20 | >0.20 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 0.93 (0.55, 1.58) | 0.996 | 0.87 (0.51, 1.47) | 0.637 | 0.598 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 1.33 (0.85, 2.08) | 0.309 | 1.18 (0.75, 1.88) | 0.891 | 0.571 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.52 (0.80, 2.89) | 0.207 | 1.15(0.58, 2.30) | 0.819 | 0.809 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 1.19 (0.68, 2.06) | 0.863 | 1.53 (0.89, 2.63) | 0.147 | 0.121 |
| PFUnDA (ng/mL) | <0.16 | 0.16–0.24 | >0.24 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 0.85 (0.50, 1.44) | 0.568 | 0.93 (0.55, 1.60) | 0.949 | 0.823 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 1.47 (0.93, 2.31) | 0.151 | 1.22 (0.77, 1.93) | 0.967 | 0.424 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.52 (0.78, 2.95) | 0.376 | 1.40 (0.71, 2.76) | 0.659 | 0.345 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 1.07 (0.61, 1.87) | 0.477 | 1.61 (0.94, 2.75) | 0.055 | 0.073 |
| PFDoDA (ng/mL) | <0.02 | 0.02–0.03 | >0.03 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 1.67 (0.98, 2.87) | 0.113 | 1.30 (0.78, 2.17) | 0.988 | 0.402 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 1.23 (0.78, 1.94) | 0.502 | 1.15 (0.73, 1.83) | 0.835 | 0.591 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.67 (0.86, 3.25) | 0.157 | 1.26 (0.63, 2.51) | 0.927 | 0.629 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 1.52 (0.85, 2.71) | 0.708 | 1.92 (1.09, 3.38) | 0.021 * | 0.025 * |
| PFTrDA (ng/mL) | <0.09 | 0.09–0.14 | >0.14 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 2.00 (1.18, 3.41) | 0.035 * | 1.43 (0.86, 2.39) | 0.956 | 0.230 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 1.02 (0.65, 1.60) | 0.512 | 1.35 (0.85, 2.12) | 0.147 | 0.176 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.26 (0.65, 2.43) | 0.732 | 1.30 (0.67, 2.53) | 0.605 | 0.468 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 2.22 (1.26, 3.90) | 0.040 * | 1.91 (1.07, 3.42) | 0.023 * | 0.064 |
| PFHxS (ng/mL) | <0.34 | 0.34–0.51 | >0.51 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 1.68 (1.00, 2.91) | 0.030 * | 0.97 (0.58, 1.60) | 0.202 | 0.706 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 1.18 (0.75, 1.85) | 0.428 | 1.02 (0.65, 1.61) | 0.757 | 0.999 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.27 (0.66, 2.45) | 0.588 | 1.20 (0.61, 2.34) | 0.843 | 0.649 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 0.98 (0.57, 1.69) | 0.706 | 1.15 (0.68, 1.96) | 0.520 | 0.575 |
| PFOS (ng/mL) | <3.48 | 3.48–5.49 | >5.49 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 0.79 (0.46, 1.34) | 0.660 | 0.75 (0.44, 1.29) | 0.485 | 0.359 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 0.85 (0.54, 1.33) | 0.460 | 0.96 (0.61, 1.51) | 0.832 | 0.977 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 0.79 (0.40, 1.57) | 0.173 | 1.43 (0.76, 2.73) | 0.093 | 0.168 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 1.13 (0.67, 1.89) | 0.301 | 0.79 (0.45, 1.37) | 0.228 | 0.317 |
| 6:2 Cl-PFESA (ng/mL) | <0.63 | 0.63–0.97 | >0.97 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 1.07 (0.63, 1.82) | 0.660 | 0.94 (0.55, 1.60) | 0.674 | 0.781 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 0.92 (0.58, 1.45) | 0.394 | 1.19 (0.75, 1.88) | 0.287 | 0.408 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.06 (0.56, 2.01) | 0.879 | 1.02 (0.53, 1.99) | 0.990 | 0.953 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 1.13 (0.66, 1.94) | 0.968 | 1.25 (0.72, 2.16) | 0.497 | 0.433 |
| 8:2 Cl-PFESA (ng/mL) | <0.02 | 0.02–0.04 | >0.04 | |||
| Common cold | Ref | 0.96 (0.57, 1.63) | 0.943 | 0.90 (0.53, 1.52) | 0.699 | 0.682 |
| Bronchitis | Ref | 1.30 (0.83, 2.04) | 0.427 | 1.23 (0.78, 1.93) | 0.703 | 0.468 |
| Pneumonia | Ref | 1.40 (0.73, 2.69) | 0.499 | 1.33 (0.69, 2.59) | 0.674 | 0.477 |
| Tonsillitis | Ref | 1.28 (0.74, 2.19) | 0.572 | 1.25 (0.73, 2.15) | 0.671 | 0.500 |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, Reference. The figure shows the results of Logistic regression after correction for covariates. The model was adjusted for maternal age (continuous variable), family annual income (<CNY 100,000; ≥CNY 100,000), child sex (male; female), gestational week (continuous variable), parity (primipara; multipara), breastfeeding duration (<6 months; ≥6 months), and child exposure to passive smoking (yes; no). These potential confounders were adjusted for in the regression model. *: p < 0.05.