Figure 8.

Summary of the findings. Control, no exercise (C); exercise, hypertrophy resistance training exercise protocol (T); no exercise supplemented with glutamine (G); and exercise and supplemented with glutamine (GT). The increase in muscle CSAs in the three experimental groups was mediated via upregulated phosphorylation of Akt, 4E-BP1, p70S6k, and S6 in G and 4E-BP1 in T rats. Proteasome activity was decreased in trained rats, favoring a further increase in the muscle fibers CSA. Abbreviations: CSA, cross-sectional area; IGF1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; phosphorylated-Akt, protein kinase B; phosphorylated-S6, ribosomal protein S6; phosphorylated-4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1.