Table 4.
Lifestyle, anthropometric, and biochemical change data of subjects.
| Total (n = 47) |
p-Value | Diet Intervention | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group B (n = 16) |
p-Value | Group F (n = 14) |
p-Value | Group P (n = 17) |
p-Value | |||
| Lifestyle parameters | ||||||||
| Physical activity (kcal/day) | −0.9 ± 73.7 | 0.9341 | 1.5 ± 54.0 | 0.9144 | −0.9 ± 1.8 | 0.4639 | 12.4 ± 67.6 | 0.4600 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | −0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.5345 | −0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.5576 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2435 | −0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.2534 |
| Anthropometric parameters | ||||||||
| BW (kg) | −1.4 ± 1.3 | <0.0001 | −1.2 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 | −1.8 ± 1.6 | 0.0012 | −1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.0013 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.5 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | −0.4 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | −0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.0008 | −0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.0016 |
| FM (%) | −0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.0616 | −0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.0557 | −0.02 ± 0.8 | 0.9198 | −0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.4220 |
| FFM (%) | −0.8 ± 1.0 | <0.0001 | −0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.0335 | −1.3 ± 1.3 | 0.0021 | −0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.0015 |
| SMM (kg) | −0.4 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | −0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.0827 | −0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.0028 | −0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.0089 |
| RBW (%) | −2.1 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 | −1.9 ± 1.4 | 0.0001 | −2.7 ± 2.3 | 0.0008 | −1.7 ± 1.9 | 0.0017 |
| WHR | 0.003 ± 0.01 | 0.1295 | 0.001 ± 0.01 | 0.6091 | 0.003 ± 0.01 | 0.3019 | 0.004 ± 0.02 | 0.3109 |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||||||
| Liver function | ||||||||
| γ-GTP (IU/L) | −8.8 ± 10.0 | <0.0001 | −8.7 ± 9.8 | 0.0028 | −10.4 ± 11.4 | 0.0044 | −7.5 ± 9.6 | 0.0054 |
| Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.0413 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.0216 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1134 | −0.01 ± 0.3 | 0.9060 |
| AST (IU/L) | −2.6 ± 18.2 | 0.3424 | −1.8 ± 5.2 | 0.1840 | −7.2 ± 19.9 | 0.1975 | 0.6 ± 24.1 | 0.9211 |
| ALT (IU/L) | −4.8 ± 12.8 | 0.0138 | −4.3 ± 10.7 | 0.1342 | −7.5 ± 14.3 | 0.0718 | −3.0 ± 13.6 | 0.3751 |
| LDH (IU/L) | −17.1 ± 31.8 | 0.0006 | −11.1 ± 25.2 | 0.0983 | −27.9 ± 39.1 | 0.0191 | −13.8 ± 30.3 | 0.0784 |
| ALP (U/L) | −6.8 ± 5.6 | <0.0001 | −5.3 ± 5.0 | 0.0007 | −9.9 ± 5.1 | <0.0001 | −5.8 ± 5.8 | 0.0008 |
| Kidney function | ||||||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | −0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.3813 | −0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.3661 | −0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.7034 | −0.003 ± 0.1 | 0.8614 |
| Lipid profiles | ||||||||
| TG (mg/dL) | −17.1 ± 40.09 | 0.0054 | −13.9 ± 28.4 | 0.0696 | −17.4 ± 48.8 | 0.2044 | −19.8 ± 43.7 | 0.0808 |
| T-Cho (mg/dL) | −4.8 ± 17.2 | 0.0642 | −1.6 ± 17.8 | 0.7206 | −0.6 ± 17.0 | 0.8895 | −11.1 ± 15.9 | 0.0109 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | −3.6 ± 5.3 | <0.0001 | −4.4 ± 6.9 | 0.0218 | −1.6 ± 2.7 | 0.0491 | −4.4 ± 5.0 | 0.0025 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 1.5 ± 16.3 | 0.5332 | 5.1 ± 16.2 | 0.2296 | 3.1 ± 16.7 | 0.4948 | −3.2 ± 15.8 | 0.4100 |
| Others | ||||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | −0.3 ± 7.4 | 0.7977 | −1.5 ± 4.3 | 0.1792 | −0.5 ± 11.0 | 0.8678 | 1.1 ± 6.0 | 0.4807 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | −0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.0001 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2565 | −0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.0043 | −0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.0078 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.6596 | 0.03 ± 0.1 | 0.4506 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0000 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0000 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | −0.7 ± 1.3 | 0.0008 | −1.2 ± 1.9 | 0.0267 | −0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.0148 | −0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.0733 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | −3.2 ± 4.8 | <0.0001 | −3.7 ± 5.8 | 0.0215 | −3.9 ± 5.7 | 0.0226 | −2.0 ± 2.2 | 0.0019 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | −416.2 ± 1287.8 | 0.0317 | −271.6 ± 791.9 | 0.1903 | −227.0 ± 1450.2 | 0.5682 | −708.3 ± 1525.9 | 0.0737 |
| FGF21 (pg/mL) | −39.0 ± 79.1 | 0.0015 | −31.7 ± 64.4 | 0.0681 | −56.3 ± 86.7 | 0.0304 | −31.8 ± 87.4 | 0.1531 |
| TMAO (umol/L) | −0.4 ± 6.3 | 0.6497 | −0.9 ± 9.8 | 0.7295 | −1.6 ± 3.3 | 0.0919 | 1.0 ± 3.6 | 0.2846 |
| NAD (ug/mL) | −0.2 ± 2.4 | 0.6471 | 0.9 ± 3.0 | 0.2355 | −0.9 ± 1.8 | 0.0838 | −0.6 ± 1.9 | 0.2256 |
All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Significant differences between pre- and post-values in Group B, F, and P were compared using paired t-test. BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; RBW, relative body weight; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; γ-GTP, gamma-glutamyl transferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TG, triglyceride; T-Cho, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.