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. 2023 Nov 17;11(11):1725. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11111725

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of Vaxxas high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP) technology. (A) The ~1 cm² HD-MAP. (B) Scanning electron micrograph of the array of ~1600 projections on the HD-MAP. (C) Scanning electron micrograph of vaccine-coated projections on the HD-MAP before application to a subject. (D) The HD-MAP is protected by a foil seal over the skin-facing opening of the applicator device and the foil seal is removed immediately before application. (E) The HD-MAP was applied to the upper arm of all participants in the HD-MAP groups.