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. 2023 Oct 28;15(11):2166. doi: 10.3390/v15112166

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Principal component analysis (PCA) of plasma biomarkers. (A) Non-kidney transplant recipient PCA: percentage of explained variance in principal components 1 and 2. (B) Contribution of variables (non-kidney transplant recipients): top 3 variables explaining variance in the data. (C) Kidney transplant recipient PCA: percentage of explained variance in principal components 1 and 2. (D) Contribution of variables (kidney transplant recipients): top 3 variables explaining variance in the data. The ellipse indicates the central 33% of the data points, representing the grouping of the samples. The arrows denote the direction (arrow orientation) and strength (arrow length) of the correlation between each biomarker and the principal components. Abbreviations: IL-10: interleukin 10. IFN-α: interferon alpha. TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha. NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. sVCAM-1: soluble circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. IL-8: interleukin 8. KTRs: kidney transplant recipients. Non-KTRs: non-kidney transplant recipients. HCs: healthy controls.