Table 1.

Strategies to combat drug-resistant bacteria.

Strategy	Description	Examples	Ref.
New Antibiotics	Development of novel antibiotics targeting drug-resistance bacteria	Teixobactin, Lefamulin, Zoliflodacin, Cefiderocol, Eravacycline	[109,110,111]
Bacteriophage Therapy	Utilization of bacteriophages to target and kill bacteria	Phage cocktails targeting antibiotic-resistant strains	[112,113,114]
Combination Therapies	Use of multiple antibiotics in combination to enhance and prevent resistance	Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations	[115,116]
Immune Modulation	Boosting the immune response to enhance clearance of bacterial infections	Interferons, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, etc.	[117]
Antibody Therapies	Development of monoclonal antibodies or antibody-derived molecules to target bacterial pathogens	Bezlotoxumab, altastaph, lysibodies, antibody-toxin conjugates	[118]
Nanotechnology	Use of nanoparticles for drug delivery or disruption of bacterial membranes	Metal–organic frameworks, carbon quantum dots	[119,120]
Heterocyclic compounds	Use of heterocyclic compounds as novel antimicrobial agents	Thiazole, Imidazole, Thiazolidinone, Oxazole, Pyrrole, Pyridine, Pyrimidine	[121]
Antimicrobial Peptides	Exploration of naturally occurring peptides with antimicrobial properties	LL-37, defensins, magainins, temporins, melittin	[122,123,124]
CRISPR-Cas Systems	Using CRISPR gene-editing technology to target and eliminate drug-resistant bacteria	CRISPR-Cas systems for selective targeting of bacterial DNA	[125,126,127]
One Health Approach	Holistic approach integrating human health, animal health, and the environment	Coordinated efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance across various sectors	[128,129]
Drug Repurposing	Investigating existing drugs for potential activity against drug-resistant microorganisms	Statins, chlorpromazine, thioridazine	[130,131]
Surveillance and Diagnostics	Improved monitoring and diagnostic tools for early detection and tracking of resistance	PCR, next-generation sequencing, telemedicine, biosensors, microfluidic devices	[132,133,134]