Table 3.

Comparative table between characteristics of ILs, DESs, and NADESs.

	IL	DES	NaDES
Formed by	Organic cation and organic/inorganic anion	Hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) (amide compounds, inorganic salts, and quaternary ammonium salts)	HBA and HBD from natural sources
Solubilization Ability	Good solubilizing capacity of a number of organic compounds	High	High solubilization for a wide range of metabolites with low to medium polarity, as well as macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides
Extraction Ability	High	High	High
Formulation/Synthesis Facility	Low, demand solvent use	High, but higher melting points of many DES, however, can hamper their application as a green solvent at room temperature	High
Can be Recycled	Yes	Yes	Yes
Biodegradability	Mean	High	High
Toxicity	Toxicity towards diverse organisms and ecosystems	Some formulations may contain metallic salts, which are known for their innate toxicity	Low, but the inclusion of organic acids in NaDESs can increase their overall toxicity
ECO Friendly	Potential environmental pollution through release via wastewater effluents	Lack of waste generation, but not entirely sustainable due to the presence of metal salts in some formulations	Yes
Cost	High	Low cost of their starting materials	Low