Table 2.
A summary of some previously published reports on Rickettsia raoultii in ticks, fleas, humans, vegetation, and animals in Palearctic and Oriental regions.
| Country/Year of Study | Rickettsia raoultii | Tick Species/Source | Hosts/Sources | Identification Method (Serologically/Molecularly) | Genetic Marker (s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morocco/2002–2006 | R. raoultii | Dermacentor marginatus | Livestock, dogs, and vegetation | Molecularly | gltA, ompA | [60] |
| France/2002–2007 | R. raoultii | Blood | Humans | Serologically and molecularly (sequencing) | ompA | [35] |
| Dermacentor spp. | ||||||
| Spain/2003–2008 | R. raoultii | Body fluids and biopsies | Humans | Molecularly (sequencing) | gltA and ompB | [61] |
| Japan/2004–2009 | R. raoultii | Amblyomma sparsum | Snakes, tortoises, lizards, and frogs imported from Zambia | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA | [62] |
| Slovakia/2004–2010 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Vegetation, horses, sheep, | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA, ompA and sca4 | [14] |
| Dermacentor reticulatus | Goats, and dogs | |||||
| Turkey/2006 | R. raoultii | Hyalomma marginatum | Humans | Molecularly (sequencing) | ompA | [63] |
| De. marginatus | ||||||
| Portugal/2006–2009 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Vegetation | Molecularly | gltA, ompA | [64] |
| Taiwan/2006–2010 | R. raoultii–like | liver, spleen, and kidney | Bandicota indica | Molecularly (sequencing) | ompB and gltA | [27] |
| Mus musculus | ||||||
| Hungary/2006–2010 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Humans | Molecularly (sequencing) | gltA, ompA, and16S rRNA | [65] |
| De. reticulatus | ||||||
| Spain | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Humans | Molecularly | gltA, ompA | [66] |
| Blood | ||||||
| Georgia/2008–2009 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Livestock, rodents | Molecularly | ompB | [67] |
| Malaysia/2008–2011 | R. raoultii–like | kidney, liver, spleen and heart | Wild rats | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA | [26] |
| Belarus/2009 | R. raoultii | Ixodes ricinus | Cows and vegetation | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompA | [68] |
| De. reticulatus | ||||||
| Thailand/2009 | R. raoultii–like | Amblyomma helvolum | Lizard | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 16S rRNA, gltA, and ompA | [69] |
| Korea/2010–2015 | R. raoultii | Haemaphysalis longicornis | Dogs | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 16S rRNA | [70] |
| Germany/2010–2011 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Myodes glareolus | Molecularly | gltA | [71] |
| Ix. ricinus | ||||||
| Fleas | ||||||
| Czech Republic/2010–2011 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Vegetation | Molecularly | gltA | [72] |
| Romania/2011–2012 | R. raoultii | Blood | Humans | Serologically | – | [73] |
| Slovakia/2011–2020 | R. raoultii | Blood | Humans | Serologically | – | [74] |
| Molecularly | gltA, 23S rRNA, and ompB | |||||
| Hungary/2011–2012 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Vegetation | Molecularly | gltA | [75] |
| China/2012 | R. raoultii | Dermacentor silvarum | Humans | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA and ompA | [76] |
| Blood | ||||||
| Germany | R. raoultii | Blood | Dogs | Serologically | [77] | |
| Mongolia | R. raoultii | Dermacentor nuttalli | Vegetation | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompB, gltA | [78] |
| Laos/2012–2014, | R. raoultii | Amblyomma testudinarium | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompA, gltA, ompB, and 17–kDa | [79] | |
| Haemaphysalis | ||||||
| Spain/2012–2019 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Cantabrian brown bear | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA, ompA | [80] |
| Malaysia/2012–2013 | R. raoultii–like | Haemaphysalis bispinosa | Cattle, sheep | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA, ompA and ompB | [81] |
| Haemaphysalis spp. | Chicken, Dogs | |||||
| Rhipicephalus microplus | Cattle | |||||
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus | Dogs | |||||
| Malaysia/2013 | R. raoultii–like | Blood | Human | Molecularly | gltA, ompB | [28] |
| Korea/2013–2017 | R. raoultii | Ixodes nipponensis | Korean water deer | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 16S rRNA and gltA | [82] |
| Ha. longicornis | ||||||
| Romania/2013–2014 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Humans | Molecularly (sequencing) | 23S rRNA | [83] |
| Romania/2013 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Dogs | Molecularly (sequencing) | ompB | [84] |
| Poland/2013 | R. raoultii | Ix. ricinus | Vegetation | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompA, 16S rRNA, | [85] |
| De. reticulatus | ||||||
| Poland/2013–2014 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Dogs and cats | Molecularly | gltA | [86] |
| Ukraine/2013–2014 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Vegetation | Molecularly | sca4, | [87] |
| France/2014–2021 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Humans | Molecularly | gltA | [88] |
| Greece/2014 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Goats | Molecularly and phylogenetically | Atp, gltA, DnaA and DnaK | [89] |
| China–Russian border/2014 | R. raoultii | Ixodes persulcatus | Vegetation | Molecularly (sequencing) | gltA, ompA | [17] |
| Algeria/2014 | R. raoultii | Ix. ricinus | Cattle | Molecularly | [90] | |
| Netherlands/2014 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Vegetation | Molecularly | gltA | [91] |
| Mongolia/2015–2016 | R. raoultii | Blood | Human | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 16S rRNA, gltA, and ompA | [92] |
| Hyalomma asiaticum | Sheep, cattle, camels, dogs | |||||
| De. nuttalli | ||||||
| Serbia | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Dogs | Molecularly | ompA | [93] |
| Austria/2015 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Vegetation | Molecularly | ompA, gltA | [94] |
| China/2015–2016 | R. raoultii | Serum and blood | Human | Serologically and molecularly | rrs, gltA, ompA, ompB, and sca4 | [29] |
| Kazakhstan/2015 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Vegetation | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompB, ompA, 23S–5S | [95] |
| De. reticulatus | ||||||
| Hy. asiaticum | ||||||
| Russia | R. raoultii | De. silvarum | Vegetation | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 16S, ompA, ompB, sca4 | [96] |
| Haemaphysalis japonica | ||||||
| Haemaphysalis concinna | ||||||
| Russia (Siberia)/2016 | R. raoultii | Blood | Human | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA | [33] |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | ||||||
| Poland/2016–2018 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Vegetation | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA | [97] |
| Turkey/2016–2019 | R. raoultii | Hyalomma aegyptium | Tortoise | Molecularly (sequencing) | gltA | [98] |
| India | R. raoultii–like | Ha. bispinosa | Goats | Molecularly and phylogenetically | htrA, gltA | [99] |
| Iran/2017–2018 | R. raoultii | Hy. marginatum | Sheep | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA | [100] |
| China/2017 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Humans | Serologically and molecularly (phylogenetically) | 17—kDa, gltA, sca1, sca4, ompA, and ompB | [32] |
| Blood | ||||||
| Belgium/2017 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Humans | Molecularly | gltA | [101] |
| China–Kazakhstan border/2017 | R. raoultii | De. nuttalli | Long–tailed ground squirrel | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 17–kDa, sca1, sca4, gltA, ompA and ompB | [21] |
| De. silvarum | ||||||
| Denmark/2017 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Jackal | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompA, gltA, ompB | [102] |
| Korea/2018 | R. raoultii | Ha. longicornis | Human | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompA | [22] |
| Pakistan/2018–2019 | R. raoultii–like | Blood | Dogs | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA | [30] |
| Iran/2018–2019 | R. raoultii | Blood | Dogs | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA, ompA | [30] |
| Turkey/2018–2020 | R. raoultii | Ctenocephalides felis | Goats | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA | [25] |
| Germany/2018–2019 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Vegetation | Molecularly | ompB | [103] |
| China/2018–2019 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Red foxes | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 17–kDa, gltA, ompA, sca1 | [19] |
| heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney | ||||||
| Ixodes canisuga | Marbled polecat | |||||
| Italy/2019 | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Wild boars | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompA | [104] |
| China/2019 | R. raoultii | Blood | Human | Molecularly and phylogenetically | ompA and sca1 | [105] |
| Romania | R. raoultii | De. marginatus | Dogs | Molecularly (sequencing) | gltA, 17–kDa | [106] |
| Ix. ricinus | ||||||
| Rhipicephalus rossicus | ||||||
| Haemaphysalis punctata | Vegetation | |||||
| China/2019–2020 | R. raoultii | Ix. persulcatus | Human | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA and ompA | [107] |
| De. silvarum | ||||||
| Ha. concinna | ||||||
| India/2020 | R. raoultii | Haemaphysalis intermedia | Cows, goats, and dogs | Molecularly and phylogenetically | 16s rRNA, gltA, ompA, and ompB | [108] |
| Poland/2021–2022 | R. raoultii | De. reticulatus | Humans | Molecularly (sequencing) | gltA and ompB | [109] |
| China/2021–2022 | R. raoultii | De. silvarum | Sheep | Molecularly and phylogenetically | rrs, gltA, ompA, and ompB | [110] |
| Siberia/2022 | R. raoultii | Dermacentor spp. | Vegetation | Molecularly and phylogenetically | gltA, ompA, ompB, htrA, and 16S rRNA | [111] |