Table 2.

Bioactive compounds able to influence mitochondrial epigenetics in liver.

Epigenetic Signal/Agent	Bioactive Compound	Effect Dose	Cell/Animal Model	Mitochondrial Epigenetic Signature	Reference
DNA methylation	Dietary lipids (olive oil, sunflower oil, palmitic acid, perilla oil and fish oil)	80 g/kg of body weigth	Liver samples from yellow croakers	Hypermethylation at MT-TR and MT-NAD4L in olive oil and perilla oil groups Hypomethylation at MT-RNR1 in olive oil group	Liao et al., 2015, [59]
	Dietary lipids abundance	Diets based on 6%, 12% and 18% crude lipid content	Liver samples from yellow croakers	Hypermethylation at D-loop region in high lipid content group Hypomethylation at MT-RNR1 in high lipid content group	Liao et al., 2015, [60]
	Fructose	20% fructose solution	Liver samples from male Sprague Dawley rats	Global mtDNA hypomethylation	Yamazaki et al., 2016, [61]
Nc-RNAs	Copper	330 mg/kg for liver samples, 100 μM for primary embryo hepatocytes	Liver samples and primary embryo hepatocytes from Arbor Acres broiler chicken	Overexpression of gga-miR-12294-5p/Inhibition of Cisd1	Zhong et al., 2023, [62]
	Palmitate	250 μM	Liver fibroblasts from normal subjects	Downregulation of SCAR circ-RNA	Zhao et al., 2020, [63]

The compound and the dose, which the effect has been detected at, the employed in vitro or in vivo models, as well as the resulting epigenetic signature on mitochondria have been reported for each study. Abbreviations: TR, arginine transfer RNA; MT-NAD4L, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 4L, MT-RNR1, mitochondrially encoded 12S ribosomal RNA; D-loop, displacement loop region; Cisd1, CDGSH Iron Sulfur Domain 1; SCAR, steatohepatitis-associated circRNA ATP5B regulator.