Table 2.
Description of omics technologies and related analytical methods.
| Analytical Method | Description |
|---|---|
| Genomics | |
| DNA sequencing | Determines the order of nucleotides in DNA [49]. |
| Microarray analysis | Measures gene expression using hybridization to microarrays [50]. |
| Whole genome sequencing | Sequences the entire genome of an organism [51]. |
| Comparative genomics | Compares genomes of different species to identify similarities and differences [52]. |
| Transcriptomics | |
| RNA-Seq | Sequences and quantifies RNA transcripts to study gene expression [53]. |
| Microarray analysis | Measures gene expression using hybridization to microarrays [54]. |
| Single-cell RNA-Seq | Analyzes gene expression at the single-cell level for cell heterogeneity [55]. |
| Isoform sequencing | Focuses on the identification and quantification of alternative RNA-splicing events [56]. |
| Proteomics | |
| Mass spectrometry | Identifies and quantifies proteins based on their mass-to-charge ratio [57]. |
| 2D gel electrophoresis | Separates proteins based on charge and size, allowing protein profiling [58]. |
| Liquid chromatography (LC) | Separates proteins before mass spectrometry analysis [59]. |
| Protein microarrays | Allows high-throughput screening of protein interactions and activities [60]. |
| Metabolomics | |
| Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) | Measures metabolite concentrations and elucidates chemical structures [61]. |
| Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) | Separates and quantifies metabolites in the gas phase before mass spectrometry [62]. |
| Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) | Separates and quantifies metabolites in the liquid phase before mass spectrometry [63]. |
| Targeted metabolomics | Focuses on specific metabolites of interest for quantification [64]. |
| Epigenomics | |
| DNA methylation analysis | Studies DNA methylation patterns to understand epigenetic regulation [65]. |
| ChIP-Seq | Maps protein-DNA interactions, such as histone modifications [66]. |
| Bisulfite sequencing | Analyzes DNA methylation status by treating DNA with bisulfite [67]. |
| Lipidomics | |
| Mass spectrometry | Identifies and quantifies lipids, elucidating lipid profiles in biological samples [68]. |
| Liquid chromatography (LC) | Separates lipids before mass spectrometry analysis [69] |
| Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) | Separates and identifies lipids based on their mobility on a thin layer [70]. |