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. 2023 Nov 17;15(22):4821. doi: 10.3390/nu15224821

Table 1.

Association of characteristics of study participants with protein intake and outcomes (N = 3299).

Variables n Protein Intake, g·kg−1·d−1 Protein Intake, %E Height (cm) HAZ Stunning
Mean ± SD p Mean ± SD p Mean ± SD p Mean ± SD p N (%) p
Overall 3299
Basic characteristics
Gender <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.025
Male 1837 1.82 ± 0.66 15% ± 5% 161.76 ± 13.63 0.55 ± 1.00 21 (1.14)
Female 1462 2.03 ± 0.60 19% ± 6% 155.86 ± 9.65 0.31 ±0.92 31 (2.12)
Age, years <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.052
9.0–12.0 1074 2.44 ± 0.67 18% ± 6% 146.44 ± 8.48 0.74 ± 1.06 9 (0.84)
12.0–14.0 849 1.85 ± 0.48 17% ± 5% 160.44 ± 7.85 0.61 ± 1.04 18 (2.12)
>14.0 1376 1.54 ± 0.37 17% ± 5% 168.16 ± 8.04 0.11 ± 0.87 25 (1.82)
Ethnicity 0.976 0.428 0.373 0.303 <0.001
Han Chinese 3177 1.91 ± 0.64 17% ± 5% 159.18 ± 12.41 0.44 ± 0.97 45 (1.42)
Others 122 1.91 ± 0.62 17% ± 6% 158.16 ± 11.68 0.35 ± 1.07 7 (5.74)
Premature 0.279 0.558 0.115 0.996 0.543
Yes 3123 1.91 ± 0.64 17% ± 5% 159.24 ± 12.41 0.44 ± 1.02 51 (1.63)
No 174 1.97 ± 0.62 17% ± 6% 156.53 ± 11.58 0.44 ± 0.98 1 (0.57)
Missing 2 1.40 ± 0.30 14% ± 8% 165.00 ± 2.69 0.50 ± 0.71 0 (0.00)
Birth length, cm <0.001 0.330 <0.001 <0.001 0.336
Low 651 2.02 ± 0.64 17% ± 5% 156.78 ± 11.96 0.28 ± 1.01 13 (2.00)
High 2648 1.89 ± 0.64 17% ± 6% 159.67 ± 12.41 0.48 ± 1.02 39 (1.47)
Pubertal stage 0.667 <0.001 <0.001 0.815
Pre-puberty 343 2.68 ± 0.71 <0.001 17% ± 5% 141.37 ± 6.61 0.42 ± 0.91 5 (1.46)
Mid-puberty 887 2.26 ± 0.65 17% ± 5% 151.04 ± 9.72 0.64 ± 1.06 16 (1.80)
Post-puberty 2069 1.64 ± 0.41 17% ± 6% 165.57 ± 8.66 0.36 ± 0.93 31 (1.50)
Household income, CNY/years 0.569 0.929 0.720 <0.001 0.372
<120,000 935 1.90 ± 0.62 17% ± 6% 158.84 ± 11.95 0.30 ± 0.97 19 (2.03)
120,000–250,000 1126 1.90 ± 0.66 17% ± 6% 159.38 ± 12.18 0.43 ± 0.98 19 (1.69)
≥250,000 1214 1.93 ± 0.64 17% ± 5% 159.13 ± 12.87 0.56 ± 0.95 14 (1.15)
Missing 24 1.87 ± 0.77 17% ± 5% 160.67 ± 13.78 0.18 ± 0.86 0 (0.00)
Smoking status 0.195 0.797 <0.001 0.061 0.344
no 3244 1.91 ± 0.64 17% ± 6% 158.99 ± 12.31 0.44 ± 1.02 52 (1.60)
yes 55 1.80 ± 0.75 17% ± 6% 165.88 ± 14.14 0.22 ± 1.03 0 (0.00)
Drinking status, standard drink/month <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.109 0.166
Never 2819 1.96 ± 0.65 17% ± 5% 158.16 ± 12.35 0.46 ± 0.98 43 (1.53)
<1 369 1.67 ± 0.53 16% ± 6% 163.99 ± 11.11 0.34 ± 0.90 9 (2.44)
≥1 111 1.54 ± 0.39 16% ± 6% 168.19 ± 9.67 0.33 ± 0.93 0 (0.00)
MVPA, h/day <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.035
<1.0 770 1.79 ± 0.56 18% ± 6% 161.16 ± 11.00 0.21 ± 1.00 19 (2.47)
1–3 1505 1.88 ± 0.61 17% ± 5% 159.91 ± 12.05 0.46 ± 1.01 21 (1.40)
>3 1010 2.04 ± 0.72 16% ± 5% 156.42 ± 13.29 0.60 ± 1.02 11 (1.09)
Missing 14 2.26 ± 0.96 18% ± 6% 151.99 ± 16.03 0.07 ± 1.27 1 (7.14)
Central obesity <0.001 0.028 <0.001 <0.001 0.018
No 2784 2.01 ± 0.63 17% ± 5% 158.47 ± 12.41 0.32 ± 0.96 50 (1.80)
Yes 515 1.40 ± 0.41 17% ± 6% 162.50 ± 11.62 1.09 ± 1.09 2 (0.39)
Length of nighttime sleep, h/day <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.824
<8 635 1.52 ± 0.40 17% ± 6% 167.93 ± 8.69 0.11 ± 0.88 11 (1.73)
8–9 1205 1.72 ± 0.49 17% ± 5% 163.91 ± 9.67 0.39 ± 1.00 21 (1.74)
≥9 1442 2.25 ± 0.68 18% ± 6% 151.19 ± 10.97 0.64 ± 1.05 20 (1.39)
Missing 16 1.88 ± 0.72 16% ± 4% 159.47 ± 15.31 0.00 ± 0.89 0 (0.00)
Protein intake, g·kg−1·d−1 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Q1 825 1.22 ± 0.19 14% ± 5% 170.23 ± 8.24 0.66 ± 1.00 3 (0.36)
Q2 824 1.64 ± 0.09 17% ± 5% 163.60 ± 8.18 0.50 ± 0.94 5 (0.61)
Q3 825 2.00 ± 0.12 18% ± 6% 157.09 ± 8.44 0.43 ± 0.99 18 (2.18)
Q4 825 2.80 ± 0.49 18% ± 5% 145.66 ± 8.86 0.17 ± 0.88 26 (3.15)
Biochemical indexes
Serum vitamin D3, ng/mL <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.383
T1 1093 1.76 ± 0.54 18% ± 6% 162.38 ± 10.49 0.29 ± 0.95 15 (1.37)
T2 1093 1.89 ± 0.61 17% ± 6% 159.54 ± 11.94 0.50 ± 1.04 22 (2.01)
T3 1094 2.08 ± 0.72 17% ± 5% 155.54 ± 13.49 0.53 ± 1.05 15 (1.37)
Serum Ca, mmol/L <0.001 0.594 <0.001 <0.001 0.745
Low 697 1.79 ± 0.55 17% ± 5% 162.11 ± 10.99 0.33 ± 0.92 12 (1.72)
High 2584 1.94 ± 0.66 17% ± 6% 158.40 ± 12.60 0.47 ± 0.98 40 (1.55)
Serum Zn, mg/L 0.048 0.015 0.003 0.919 0.582
T1 1092 1.95 ± 0.65 17% ± 6% 158.21 ± 12.25 0.45 ± 0.97 14 (1.28)
T2 1094 1.89 ± 0.64 17% ± 5% 159.41 ± 12.37 0.43 ± 0.98 20 (1.83)
T3 1093 1.89 ± 0.64 17% ± 5% 159.97 ± 12.42 0.44 ± 0.97 18 (1.65)
Serum vitamin A, μg/mL <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.181 0.666
T1 1087 2.10 ± 0.68 18% ± 6% 155.48 ± 12.27 0.40 ± 0.93 20 (1.84)
T2 1091 1.95 ± 0.61 17% ± 6% 158.45 ± 11.76 0.44 ± 0.99 17 (1.56)
T3 1102 1.69 ± 0.56 16% ± 5% 163.59 ± 11.68 0.48 ± 0.99 15 (1.36)
Dietary fat intake (g/d) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.137 0.241
T1 1100 1.69 ± 0.56 15% ± 5% 160.16 ± 13.03 0.48 ± 0.98 14 (1.27)
T2 1099 1.97 ± 0.61 19% ± 5% 157.88 ± 12.02 0.40 ± 0.97 15 (1.36)
T3 1100 2.08 ± 0.69 18% ± 5% 159.40 ± 11.97 0.44 ± 0.97 23 (2.09)
Dietary carbohydrate intake (g/d) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.040 0.431
T1 1100 2.11 ± 0.69 18% ± 5% 159.36 ± 12.07 0.46 ± 0.98 19 (1.73)
T2 1099 1.95 ± 0.60 19% ± 5% 158.05 ± 11.95 0.38 ± 0.97 20 (1.82)
T3 1100 1.67 ± 0.55 14% ± 5% 160.02 ± 13.03 0.48 ± 0.96 13 (1.18)
Parental characteristics
Fathers’ height, cm 0.047 0.283 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Q1 680 1.96 ± 0.67 17% ± 6% 157.01 ± 12.48 −0.00 ± 0.92 31 (4.56)
Q2 1031 1.93 ± 0.64 17% ± 6% 158.44 ± 12.01 0.27 ± 0.90 14 (1.36)
Q3 721 1.89 ± 0.60 17% ± 5% 159.79 ± 11.73 0.61 ± 0.90 2 (0.28)
Q4 824 1.88 ± 0.65 17% ± 5% 161.14 ± 13.00 0.87 ± 0.94 4 (0.49)
Missing 43 1.78 ± 0.68 17% ± 6% 160.93 ± 11.78 0.47 ± 0.90 1 (2.33)
Mothers’ height, cm <0.001 0.158 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Q1 834 1.99 ± 0.66 17% ± 6% 156.44 ± 11.97 0.05 ± 0.92 29 (3.48)
Q2 674 1.95 ± 0.63 17% ± 5% 157.51 ± 12.09 0.29 ± 0.91 12 (1.78)
Q3 939 1.87 ± 0.63 17% ± 6% 160.56 ± 12.03 0.54 ± 0.93 8 (0.85)
Q4 827 1.85 ± 0.63 17% ± 5% 161.57 ± 12.71 0.85 ± 0.94 3 (0.36)
Missing 25 2.12 ± 0.84 18% ± 6% 160.28 ± 13.37 0.28 ± 0.86 0 (0.00)
Fathers’ education, years <0.001 0.557 0.021 <0.001 0.006
≤9 years 605 1.84 ± 0.57 17% ± 5% 160.19 ± 11.10 0.18 ± 0.97 17 (2.81)
10~12 years 764 1.88 ± 0.64 17% ± 6% 159.61 ± 12.48 0.32 ± 0.97 16 (2.09)
13~15 years 941 1.91 ± 0.62 17% ± 6% 158.82 ± 12.25 0.49 ± 0.97 13 (1.38)
≥16 years 948 2.00 ± 0.70 17% ± 5% 158.33 ± 13.16 0.66 ± 0.93 5 (0.53)
Missing 41 1.75 ± 0.67 17% ± 6% 161.44 ± 11.77 0.45 ± 0.89 1 (2.44)
Mothers’ education, years <0.001 0.182 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
≤9 years 721 1.81 ± 0.56 17% ± 6% 160.19 ± 11.40 0.17 ± 0.98 23 (3.19)
10~12 years 921 1.87 ± 0.62 17% ± 6% 159.88 ± 12.36 0.40 ± 0.97 16 (1.74)
13~15 years 923 1.96 ± 0.66 17% ± 5% 158.81 ± 12.60 0.52 ± 0.97 12 (1.30)
≥16 years 714 2.01 ± 0.70 17% ± 5% 157.44 ± 12.89 0.67 ± 0.90 1 (0.14)
Missing 20 1.95 ± 0.78 18% ± 7% 163.55 ± 12.36 0.26 ± 0.80 0 (0.00)
Mothers’ age, years <0.001 0.818 <0.001 <0.001 0.350
T1 1044 2.12 ± 0.70 17% ± 5% 153.67 ± 12.05 0.55 ± 1.05 15 (1.44)
T2 950 1.92 ± 0.60 17% ± 6% 159.64 ± 11.69 0.44 ± 1.01 12 (1.26)
T3 1267 1.74 ± 0.56 17% ± 6% 163.11 ± 11.49 0.37 ± 0.99 25 (1.97)

Abbreviations: HAZ, height-for-age z score; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; SD, standard deviation.