Table 2.
Association of protein intake (per SD) with body height and HAZ.
| Models | Protein Intake, g·kg−1·d−1 | Protein Intake, %E | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Height | HAZ | Body Height | HAZ | |||||
| β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
| Crude model | −9.45 (−9.72, −9.18) | <0.001 | −0.21 (−0.25, −0.18) | <0.001 | −2.20 (−2.61, −1.78) | <0.001 | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.05) | <0.001 |
| Model I | −5.79 (−6.12, −5.45) | <0.001 | −0.78 (−0.83, −0.73) | <0.001 | −0.50 (−0.72, −0.28) | <0.001 | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | 0.018 |
| Model II | −5.78 (−6.12, −5.45) | <0.001 | −0.79 (−0.84, −0.74) | <0.001 | −0.48 (−0.70, −0.26) | <0.001 | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | 0.014 |
Abbreviations: HAZ, height-for-age z score; SD, standard deviation. A generalized linear model was used. Protein intake was set to 1 SD increase of grams per kilogram weight per day (g·kg−1·d−1) or percentage of total energy intake (%E). Crude model, not adjusted for any variables; Model I, adjusted for gender, ethnicity, age (as a continuous variable), pubertal stages, premature, birth length (as a continuous variable), maternal (age as a continuous variable), parental education levels (age as a continuous variable), parental height (as a continuous variable), household income levels, smoking status, drinking status, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), central obesity, length of nighttime sleep (as a continuous variable), dietary fat intake (as a continuous variable), and dietary carbohydrate intake (as a continuous variable); Model II, additional adjustment for serum calcium, zinc, vitamin D3, and vitamin A levels as continuous variables.