Table 1.

Tick species found to be positive for tick-associated pathogens in different West African countries.

Tick Species	Organism Detected		Countries	References
			Côte d’Ivoire, Niger, Mali, Liberia, Guinea, Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria	[22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]
	R. africae *
	R. aeschlimannii		Benin	[34]
	Rickettsia spp.		Benin, Togo, Ghana	[34,35,36]
	Candidatus africana	Borrelia	Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
	Candidatus ivorensis	Borrelia	Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
	Borrelia spp.		Mali	[23]
	A. marginale		Benin	[37]
	A. centrale		Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
	Candidatus ivorensis	Anaplasma	Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
Am. variegatum	E. ruminantium *		Mali, Burkina Benin, Nigeria Côte Faso, d’Ivoire, Gambia,	[23,24,38,39,40,41,42]
	Ehrlichia ewingii		Nigeria	[30]
	Candidatus Ehrlichia rustica		Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
	Candidatus Ehrlichia urmitei		Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
	Bartonella spp.		Benin, Togo	[34,36]
	C. burnetii		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana	[23,24,30,43]
	T. annulata		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44]
	T. mutans *		Burkina Faso, Benin	[39,42,44]
	T. velifera *		Guinea, Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44,45]
	B. bigemina		Nigeria	[28]
	B. divergens		Nigeria	[28]
	B. caballi		Guinea	[46]
	CCHF virus		Ghana, Senegal	[47,48]
Am. compressum	R. africae		Guinea	[26]
Am. latum	Rickettsia spp.		Benin	[36]
	Bartonella spp.		Benin	[36]
Hae. paraleachi	R. africae		Guinea	[26]
Hy. dromedarii	R. aeschlimannii		Nigeria	[49]
	T. annulate *		Mauritania	[50]
	T. equi *		Nigeria	[51]
Hy. excavatum	CCHF virus		Ghana	[47]
	R. africae		Nigeria	[28]
	R. aeschlimannii		Senegal, Nigeria	[31,49,52]
Hy. impeltatum	A. centrale		Nigeria	[30]
	E. chaffeensis		Nigeria	[30]
	E. ewingii		Nigeria	[30]
	C. burnetii		Nigeria	[30]
	T. mutans *		Nigeria	[30]
Hy. impressum	R. africae		Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
Hy. rufipes	R. africae		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal	[23,24,26,31]
	R. aesclimannii		Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Benin	[21,23,31,33,34,49,52]
	Rickettsia spp.		Benin, Ghana	[34]
	Bartonella spp.		Benin	[36]
	E. ruminantium		Mali	[23]
	C. burnetii		Mali	[23]
	T. annulata *		Burkina Faso, Benin, Mauritania	[42,44,50]
	T. mutans *		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44]
	T. velifera		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44,45]
	CCHF virus *		Mauritania, Senegal	[48,53,54]
Hy. truncatum	R. africae		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire	[23,24]
	R. aeschlimannii		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria	[21,23,24]
	R. mongolitimonae		Mali, Senegal	[21,23]
	Rickettsia spp.		Togo, Ghana	[34]
	A. platys		Nigeria	[55]
	E. ruminantium		Mali	[23]
	Ehrlichia spp.		Niger	[29]
	Candidatus Ehrlichia rustica		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire	[23,24]
	Candidatus Ehrlichia urmitei		Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
	C. burnetii		Mali, Senegal	[23,43]
	T. equi *		Nigeria	[51]
	CCHF virus *		Mauritania	[48,53,54]
Ix. aulacodi	Rickettsia spp.		Benin	[36]
	Bartonella spp.		Benin	[36]
O. sonrai	B. crocidurae *		Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, Gambia	[56,57,58,59,60]
	B. senegalensis		Senegal	[61]
	B. massiliensis		Senegal	[61]
	C. burnetii		Senegal	[43]
	R. africae		Senegal, Nigeria, Guinea	[21,26,30]
	Ehrlichia sp.		Senegal	[58,62]
	ASF virus		Senegal	[63]
Rh. (B.) annulatus	R. africae		Guinea, Nigeria	[26,28]
	Rickettsia spp.		Togo	[34]
	A. centrale		Nigeria	[30]
	E. ewingii		Nigeria	[30]
	C. burnetii		Nigeria, Senegal	[30,43]
	T. mutans		Nigeria	[30]
	T. velifera		Guinea	[45]
Rh. (B.) decoloratus	A. marginale *		Nigeria, Burkina Faso	[28,44]
	C. burnetii		Senegal	[43]
	T. annulata		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44]
	T. mutans		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44]
	B. bigemina *		Nigeria	[64]
	T. velifera		Guinea, Burkina Faso	[44,45]
Rh. (B.) geigyi	R. africae		Liberia	[26]
	A. marginale		Guinea	[65]
	T. velifera		Guinea, Burkina Faso	[44,45]
	B. theileri		Mali	[66]
Rh. (B.) microplus	R. africae		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire	[23,24]
	A. marginale		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Guinea	[23,24,37]
	T. annulata		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44]
	T. mutans		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44]
	A. platys		Guinea	[65]
	Candidatus Anaplasma ivorensis		Mali	[23]
	E. ruminantium		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso	[23,24,67]
	Candidatus Ehrlichia urmitei		Mali, Côte d’Ivoire	[23,24]
	Candidatus Ehrlichia rustica		Côte d’Ivoire	[24]
	C. burnetii		Mali	[23]
	T. mutans		Benin	[37]
	Rickettsia spp.		Benin, Togo	[34]
	Bartonella spp.		Benin, Togo	[34]
Rh. e. evertsi	R. africae		Mali, Senegal, Nigeria	[21,26,30]
	R. aeschlimannii		Senegal	[21,23,31,33,52]
	R. conorii conorii		Senegal	[21]
	E. ruminantium		Mali	[23]
	E. canis		Senegal	[68]
	E. chaffeensis		Nigeria	[30]
	C. burnetii		Mali, Nigeria, Senegal	[23,30,69]
	T. annulata		Burkina Faso, Benin	[42,44]
	T. mutans		Burkina Faso, Benin	[37,44]
	B. bigemina *		Guinea	[65]
	T. equi *		Nigeria	[51]
	CCHF virus		Senegal	[54]
Rh. guilhoni	R. massiliae		Senegal	[21]
	C. burnetii		Senegal	[43]
	CCHF virus		Senegal	[54]
Rh. muhsamae	Ehrlichia sp.		Mali	[29]
	R. africae		Nigeria	[28]
	R. aeschlimannii		Mali	[23]
	R. massiliae		Nigeria	[27]
	Bartonella spp.		Togo	[34]
Rh. sanguineus s.l.	R. conorii conorii *		Nigeria	[70]
	Rickettsia spp.		Benin, Ghana	[36]
	A. platys		Côte d’Ivoire	[71]
	E. canis *		Côte d’Ivoire	[72]
	Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis		Nigeria	[55]
	B. henselae		Ghana	[73]
	C. burnetii		Mali	[23]
Rh. senegalensis	R. massiliae		Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia	[24,26]
Rh. sulcatus	Bartonella spp.		Togo	[34]
Rh. turanicus	R. massiliae		Nigeria	[74]

* established as transmitted by the tick species.