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. 2023 Oct 27;11(11):882. doi: 10.3390/toxics11110882

Table 2.

Basic characteristics and quality evaluation of the included studies on in vitro genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs 1.

Included Studies Country Test Cells and Exposure Methods TiO2-NP Characteristics Concentration
(μg/mL)		 Exposure Control Reliability Evaluation Correlation Evaluation
Crystal Size
(nm)		 Purity
(%)		 n Mean ± SD n Mean ± SD
Outcomes were described as T DNA%
Shukla R. K. 2011 [29] India Human epidermal cells line A431, exposed for 6 h Anatase 50 99.7 0.008 3 9.72 ± 0.78 3 9.36 ± 0.69 high B
0.08 3 9.76 ± 0.40 3 9.36 ± 0.69
0.8 3 11.79 ± 0.94 3 9.36 ± 0.69
8 3 2.35 ± 0.43 3 9.36 ± 0.69
80 3 12.89 ± 0.47 3 9.36 ± 0.69
Hong L. 2011 [30] China Human lung adenocarcinoma cells, exposed for 6 h NA 5–10 >99.9 25 25 9.94 ± 6.72 25 5.53 ± 3.70 medium A+++
50 25 14.26 ± 13.67 25 5.53 ± 3.70
100 25 12.37 ± 5.16 25 5.53 ± 3.70
200 25 9.47 ± 4.97 25 5.53 ± 3.70
Shukla R. K. 2013 [31] India HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, exposed for 6 h Anatase 30–70 99.7 1 3 8.61 ± 0.67 3 7.75 ± 0.36 high B
10 3 9.13 ± 0.54 3 7.75 ± 0.36
20 3 10.53 ± 0.49 3 7.75 ± 0.36
40 3 11.61 ± 0.38 3 7.75 ± 0.36
80 3 13.55 ± 0.43 3 7.75 ± 0.36
Chen Z. 2014 [14] China V79 cells, exposed for 6 h, 24 h Anatase 75 ± 15 99.90 5 3 12.863 ± 11.00(6 h)
7.557 ± 6.846(24 h)		 3 11.836 ± 6.073(6 h)
6.000 ± 6.866(24 h)		 high A+++
20 3 11.470 ± 8.074(6 h)
9.007 ± 10.417(24 h)		 3 11.836 ± 6.073(6 h)
6.000 ± 6.866(24 h)
100 3 12.094 ± 7.677(6 h)
9.005 ± 7.177(24 h)		 3 11.836 ± 6.073(6 h)
6.000 ± 6.866(24 h)
Frenzilli G. 2014 [32] Italy Human fibroblast (HuDE), exposed for 4 h, 24 h and 48 h Anatase 20–50 99.7 20 2 16.5 ± 1.9(4 h)
14.0 ± 3.7(24 h)
20.3 ± 5.3(48 h)		 2 12.1 ± 1.8(4 h)
13.7 ± 2.3(24 h)
20.3 ± 6.6(48 h)		 medium B+
50 2 18.6 ± 3.3(4 h)
16.3 ± 5.7(24 h)
20.9 ± 1.7(48 h)		 2 12.1 ± 1.8(4 h)
13.7 ± 2.3(24 h)
20.3 ± 6.6(48 h)
100 2 23.4 ± 4.7(4 h)
17.3 ± 2.9(24 h)
21.0 ± 4.1(48 h)		 2 12.1 ± 1.8(4 h)
13.7 ± 2.3(24 h)
20.3 ± 6.6(48 h)
150 2 25.0 ± 2.6(4 h)
16.4 ± 8.6(24 h)
20.8 ± 6.7(48 h)		 2 12.1 ± 1.8(4 h)
13.7 ± 2.3(24 h)
20.3 ± 6.6(48 h)
Frenzilli G. 2014 [32] Italy Bottlenose dolphin fibroblast (BDF), exposed for 4 h, 24 h and 48 h Anatase 20–50 99.7 20 2 34.6 ± 10.5(4 h)
38.4 ± 2.5(24 h)
32.7 ± 14.8(48 h)		 2 22.6 ± 6.5(4 h)
17.6 ± 2.1(24 h)
13.5 ± 5.2(48 h)		 medium B+
50 2 31.1 ± 8.0(4 h)
25.6 ± 5.1(24 h)
27.3 ± 9.3(48 h)		 2 22.6 ± 6.5(4 h)
17.6 ± 2.1(24 h)
13.5 ± 5.2(48 h)
100 2 34.8 ± 7.2(4 h)
21.9 ± 1.9(24 h)
25.2 ± 2.4(48 h)		 2 22.6 ± 6.5(4 h)
17.6 ± 2.1(24 h)
13.5 ± 5.2(48 h)
150 2 21.2 ± 9.6(4 h)
25.0 ± 0.1(24 h)
25.9 ± 7.6(48 h)		 2 22.6 ± 6.5(4 h)
17.6 ± 2.1(24 h)
13.5 ± 5.2(48 h)
Frenzilli G. 2014 [32] Italy Mouse fibroblast (3 T3), exposed for 4 h, 24 h and 48 h Anatase 20–50 99.7 20 2 24.4 ± 3.1(4 h)
21.4 ± 14.9(24 h)
18.3 ± 5.1(48 h)		 2 17.2 ± 4.2(4 h)
14.5 ± 2.7(24 h)
22.1 ± 5.3(48 h)		 medium B+
50 2 21.8 ± 4.3(4 h)
26.0 ± 9.1(24 h)
28.3 ± 10.1(48 h)		 2 17.2 ± 4.2(4 h)
14.5 ± 2.7(24 h)
22.1 ± 5.3(48 h)
100 2 13.8 ± 2.7(4 h)
14.5 ± 4.8(24 h)
21.0 ± 3.9(48 h)		 2 17.2 ± 4.2(4 h)
14.5 ± 2.7(24 h)
22.1 ± 5.3(48 h)
150 2 18.8 ± 2.0(4 h)
15.9 ± 1.8(24 h)
26.3 ± 4.9(48 h)		 2 17.2 ± 4.2(4 h)
14.5 ± 2.7(24 h)
22.1 ± 5.3(48 h)
Frenzilli G. 2014 [32] Italy Human leukocytes (HL), exposed for 4 h, 24 h and 48 h Anatase 20–50 99.7 20 2 10.6 ± 4.5(4 h)
14.6 ± 5.9(24 h)
14.7 ± 3.2(48 h)		 2 8.3 ± 2.3(4 h)
11.8 ± 3.2(24 h)
10.0 ± 2.1(48 h)		 medium B+
50 2 12.3 ± 4.4(4 h)
11.2 ± 2.5(24 h)
14.4 ± 7.8(48 h)		 2 8.3 ± 2.3(4 h)
11.8 ± 3.2(24 h)
10.0 ± 2.1(48 h)
100 2 13.2 ± 4.8(4 h)
13.1 ± 2.5(24 h)
12.6 ± 5.1(48 h)		 2 8.3 ± 2.3(4 h)
11.8 ± 3.2(24 h)
10.0 ± 2.1(48 h)
Frenzilli G. 2014 [32] Italy Bottlenose dolphin leukocytes (BDL), exposed for4 h, 24 h and 48 h Anatase 20–50 99.7 20 2 33.8 ± 15.1(4 h)
44.5 ± 22.6(24 h)
29.5 ± 9.7(48 h)		 2 25.5 ± 10.6(4 h)
35.2 ± 19.5(24 h)
36.1 ± 14.3(48 h)		 medium B+
50 2 27.8 ± 7.8(4 h)
50.4 ± 19.4(24 h)
44.9 ± 18.8(48 h)		 2 25.5 ± 10.6(4 h)
35.2 ± 19.5(24 h)
36.1 ± 14.3(48 h)
100 2 35.3 ± 15.9(4 h)
47.5 ± 16.2(24 h)
43.9 ± 12.1(48 h)		 2 25.5 ± 10.6(4 h)
35.2 ± 19.5(24 h)
36.1 ± 14.3(48 h)
Demir E. 2015 [33] Spain Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), cultured for 1 h Rutile 21 ≥99.5 10 4 14.11 ± 0.21 4 11.31 ± 0.67 high A
100 4 15.11 ± 0.22 4 11.31 ± 0.67
1000 4 32.21 ± 0.77 4 11.31 ± 0.67
50 ≥98 10 4 12.89 ± 0.75 4 11.31 ± 0.67
100 4 13.88 ± 0.65 4 11.31 ± 0.67
1000 4 30.29 ± 0.67 4 11.31 ± 0.67
Demir E. 2015 [33] Spain Mouse embryonic kidney cells (NIH/3 T3), cultured for 1 h Rutile 21 ≥99.5 10 4 14.10 ± 0.27 4 12.31 ± 0.17 high A
100 4 15.41 ± 0.29 4 12.31 ± 0.17
1000 4 35.91 ± 0.57 4 12.31 ± 0.17
50 ≥98 10 4 12.10 ± 0.78 4 12.31 ± 0.17
100 4 13.59 ± 0.73 4 12.31 ± 0.17
1000 4 31.77 ± 0.60 4 12.31 ± 0.17
Kansara K. 2015 [34] India Human lung cancer cell line (A549), exposed for 6 h Rutile 4–8 99.7 25 3 5.14 ± 0.12 3 4.48 ± 0.11 medium B
50 3 6.06 ± 0.15 3 4.48 ± 0.11
75 3 8.25 ± 0.24 3 4.48 ± 0.11
100 3 9.49 ± 0.25 3 4.48 ± 0.11
Andreoli C. 2018 [35] Italy Peripheral blood monocytes, exposed for 24 h Anatase 20–60 >99.5 10 4 1.14 ± 0.23 4 0.52 ± 0.12 medium A
50 4 1.62 ± 0.47 4 0.52 ± 0.12
100 4 2.01 ± 0.66 4 0.52 ± 0.12
200 4 1.54 ± 0.52 4 0.52 ± 0.12
Andreoli C. 2018 [35] Italy Peripheral blood monocytes, exposed for 24 h Rutile 30 × 100 >99.5 10 4 1.19 ± 0.19 4 0.44 ± 0.05 medium A
50 4 2.33 ± 0.68 4 0.44 ± 0.05
100 4 2.62 ± 0.54 4 0.44 ± 0.05
200 4 3.48 ± 1.59 4 0.44 ± 0.05
Andreoli C. 2018 [35] Italy Peripheral blood monocytes, exposed for 24 h Anatase/Rutile 45–262 >99.5 10 4 1.30 ± 0.04 4 0.34 ± 0.01 medium A
50 4 2.51 ± 0.96 4 0.34 ± 0.01
100 4 4.44 ± 0.18 4 0.34 ± 0.01
200 4 4.45 ± 0.09 4 0.34 ± 0.01
Osman I. F. 2018 [36] UK Lymphocytes from patients with respiratory diseases, exposed for 72 h Anatase 40–70 99.7 10 40 17.7 ± 5.4 40 15.4 ± 5.3 high B
30 40 19.0 ± 5.5 40 15.4 ± 5.3
50 40 23.3 ± 6.5 40 15.4 ± 5.3
Osman I. F. 2018 [36] UK Lymphocytes from healthy people, exposed for 72 h Anatase 40–70 99.7 10 12 12.4 ± 6.1 12 10.2 ± 4.7 high B
30 12 13.8 ± 5.5 12 10.2 ± 4.7
50 12 15.3 ± 6.3 12 10.2 ± 4.7
Outcomes were described as TL (μm)
Hong L. 2011 [30] China Human lung adenocarcinoma cells, exposed for 6 h NA 5–10 >99.9 25 25 65.23 ± 26.86 25 37.50 ± 15.35 medium A+++
50 25 78.19 ± 37.43 25 37.50 ± 15.35
100 25 69.54 ± 20.61 25 37.50 ± 15.35
200 25 66.18 ± 17.87 25 37.50 ± 15.35
Ünal F. 2021 [37] Turkey Human lymphocytes, exposed for 30 min NA <100 NA 20 3 51.60 ± 0.64 3 52.70 ± 0.55 medium A+++
40 3 53.49 ± 0.68 3 52.70 ± 0.55
60 3 54.29 ± 0.70 3 52.70 ± 0.55
80 3 54.38 ± 0.63 3 52.70 ± 0.55
100 3 57.59 ± 1.02 3 52.70 ± 0.55
Outcomes were described as OTM (μm)
Shi Y. 2010 [38] China Human fetal liver L-02 cells, exposed for 24 h Anatase/Rutile 30–50 NA 0.01 9 0.91 ± 0.75 9 0.79 ± 0.74 high C
0.1 9 1.28 ± 0.96 9 0.79 ± 0.74
1 9 1.30 ± 1.01 9 0.79 ± 0.74
Du H. 2012 [39] China Human fetal liver L-02 cells, exposed for 24 h NA 25–50 >99.5 0.001 3 0.67 ± 0.09 3 0.65 ± 0.06 median C
0.01 3 0.68 ± 0.10 3 0.65 ± 0.06
0.1 3 0.71 ± 0.08 3 0.65 ± 0.06
1 3 0.73 ± 0.09 3 0.65 ± 0.06
10 3 0.76 ± 0.09 3 0.65 ± 0.06
Shukla R. K. 2011 [29] India Human epidermal cell line A431, exposed for 6 h Anatase 50 99.7 0.008 3 1.27 ± 0.05 3 1.20 ± 0.01 high B
0.08 3 1.30 ± 0.03 3 1.20 ± 0.01
0.8 3 1.43 ± 0.09 3 1.20 ± 0.01
8 3 1.79 ± 0.08 3 1.20 ± 0.01
80 3 1.91 ± 0.04 3 1.20 ± 0.01
Hong L. 2011 [30] China Human lung adenocarcinoma cells, exposed for 6 h NA 5–10 >99.9 25 25 12.08 ± 8.45 25 4.27 ± 2.76 medium A+++
50 25 12.43 ± 10.79 25 4.27 ± 2.76
100 25 12.48 ± 2.71 25 4.27 ± 2.76
200 25 8.46 ± 4.73 25 4.27 ± 2.76
Shukla R. K. 2013 [31] India HepG2 human hepatocellular hepatoma cells, exposed for 6 h Anatase 30–70 99.7 1 3 1.13 ± 0,06 3 0.94 ± 0.06 high B
10 3 1.20 ± 0.05 3 0.94 ± 0.06
20 3 1.40 ± 0.02 3 0.94 ± 0.06
40 3 1.55 ± 0.07 3 0.94 ± 0.06
80 3 1.76 ± 0.09 3 0.94 ± 0.06
Chen Z. 2014 [14] China V79 cells, exposed for 6 h, 24 h Anatase 75 ± 15 99.90 5 3 5.857 ± 6.198(6 h)
3.113 ± 4.285(24 h)		 3 4.698 ± 3.375(6 h)
2.576 ± 3.928(24 h)		 high A+++
20 3 5.086 ± 4.700(6 h)
4.174 ± 7.453(24 h)		 3 4.698 ± 3.375(6 h)
2.576 ± 3.928(24 h)
100 3 4.999 ± 4.594(6 h)
3.870 ± 4.116(24 h)		 3 4.698 ± 3.375(6 h)
2.576 ± 3.928(24 h)
Ryu A. R. 2016 [40] Korea Peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats, exposed for 30 min NA NA NA 60 6 23.08 ± 0.52 6 8.79 ± 2.18 low B
80 6 25.66 ± 6.11 6 8.79 ± 2.18
Osman I. F. 2018 [36] UK Lymphocytes from patients with respiratory diseases, exposed for 72 h Anatase 40–70 99.7 10 40 4.3 ± 1.6 40 3..7 ± 1.5 high B
30 40 5.0 ± 2.0 40 3..7 ± 1.5
50 40 6.2 ± 2.2 40 3..7 ± 1.5
Osman I. F. 2018 [36] UK Lymphocytes from healthy people, exposed for 72 h Anatase 40–70 99.7 10 12 2.3 ± 1.0 12 1.8 ± 0.7 high B
30 12 2.7 ± 1.0 12 1.8 ± 0.7
50 12 3.2 ± 1.2 12 1.8 ± 0.7
Ünal F. 2021 [37] Turkey Human lymphocytes, exposed for 30 min NA <100 NA 20 3 1.01 ± 0.11 3 1.03 ± 0.09 medium A+++
40 3 1.59 ± 0.29 3 1.03 ± 0.09
60 3 1.73 ± 0.36 3 1.03 ± 0.09
80 3 1.49 ± 0.25 3 1.03 ± 0.09
100 3 1.90 ± 0.41 3 1.03 ± 0.09
Outcomes were described as MF
Xu A. 2009 [41] US Primary embryonic fibroblasts of transgenic mice, incubated in medium for 24 h Anatase 5 99.7 0.1 3 12.52 ± 4.11 3 5.69 ± 1.87 medium B
Chen Z. 2014 [14] China V79 cells, exposed for 24 h Anatase 75 ± 15 99.9 100 3 22.7 ± 3.0 3 8.7 ± 1.2 high A+++
Jain A. K. 2017 [42] India Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V-79), exposed for 6 h Anatase 12–25 99.7 100 3 23.0 ± 2.6 3 7.7 ± 2.1 medium A++
Outcomes were described as MN frequency (BiMN)
Shi Y. 2010 [38] China Human fetal liver L-02 cells, exposed for 24 h Anatase/Rutile 30–50 NA 0.01 9 0.91 ± 0.75 9 0.79 ± 0.74 high C
0.1 9 1.28 ± 0.96 9 0.79 ± 0.74
1 9 1.30 ± 1.01 9 0.79 ± 0.74
Kang S. J. 2008 [43] South Korea Peripheral blood lymphocytes, exposed for 20 h Anatase/Rutile 25 NA 20 3 15.00 ± 1.00 3 9.33 ± 1.52 median C
50 3 18.33 ± 2.08 3 9.33 ± 1.52
100 3 23.67 ± 0.58 3 9.33 ± 1.52
Reis É.deM 2016 [44] Brazil V79 cells, exposed for 3 h Anatase 3.4 99.7 30 3 6.67 ± 1.15 3 7.00 ± 1.00 high C
60 3 12.00 ± 1.00 3 7.00 ± 1.00
120 3 14.67 ± 2.06 3 7.00 ± 1.00
Reis É.deM 2016 [44] Brazil V79 cells, exposed for 3 h Anatase 6.2 99.7 30 3 11.33 ± 2.31 3 7.00 ± 1.00 high C
60 3 8.33 ± 1.15 3 7.00 ± 1.00
120 3 10.00 ± 2.00 3 7.00 ± 1.00
Reis É.deM 2016 [44] Brazil V79 cells, exposed for 3 h Anatase 78 99.7 30 3 5.33 ± 1.53 3 7.00 ± 1.00 high C
60 3 7.67 ± 1.15 3 7.00 ± 1.00
120 3 12.33 ± 2.52 3 7.00 ± 1.00
Shukla R. K. 2011 [29] India Human epidermal cell line A431, exposed for 6 h Anatase 50 99.7 0.008 3 11.67 ± 1.20 3 9.33 ± 1.00 high B
0.08 3 12.67 ± 0.88 3 9.33 ± 1.00
0.8 3 14.67 ± 1.20 3 9.33 ± 1.00
8 3 15.67 ± 0.88 3 9.33 ± 1.00
80 3 16.00 ± 0.58 3 9.33 ± 1.00
Srivastava R. K. 2013 [45] India Human lung cancer cell line (A549), exposed for 24 h Anatase <25 NA 10 3 12.66 ± 0.33 3 5.33 ± 0.33 medium B
50 3 17.33 ± 0.33 3 5.33 ± 0.33
Shukla R. K. 2013 [31] India HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, exposed for 6 h Anatase 30–70 99.7 1 3 8.00 ± 1.15 3 7.00 ± 0.58 high B
10 3 11.00 ± 1.53 3 7.00 ± 0.58
20 3 15.00 ± 0.58 3 7.00 ± 0.58
40 3 12.33 ± 0.33 3 7.00 ± 0.58
80 3 10.67 ± 0.88 3 7.00 ± 0.58
Kansara K. 2015 [34] India Human lung cancer cell line (A549), exposed for 6 h Anatase 4–8 99.7 25 3 7.33 ± 1.20 3 6.00 ± 2.80 medium B
50 3 9.66 ± 2.84 3 6.00 ± 2.80
75 3 12.33 ± 2.96 3 6.00 ± 2.80
100 3 14.66 ± 2.33 3 6.00 ± 2.80
Andreoli C. 2018 [35] Italy Peripheral blood monocytes, exposed for 24 h Anatase 20–60 >99.5 50 2 9.0 ± 1.41 2 8.5 ± 0.71 medium A
100 2 10.0 ± 4.24 2 8.5 ± 0.71
Andreoli C. 2018 [35] Italy Peripheral blood monocytes, exposed for 24 h Rutile 30 × 100 >99.5 50 2 9.0 ± 2.83 2 7.5 ± 3.54 medium A
100 2 7.0 ± 2.83 2 7.5 ± 3.54
200 2 8.0 ± 1.41 2 7.5 ± 3.54
Andreoli C. 2018 [35] Italy Peripheral blood monocytes, exposed for 24 h Anatase/Rutile 45–262 >99.5 50 2 9.5 ± 0.71 2 9.5 ± 0.71 medium A
100 2 8.0 ± 4.24 2 9.5 ± 0.71
200 2 5.5 ± 2.12 2 9.5 ± 0.71
Osman I. F. 2018 [36] UK Lymphocytes from patients with respiratory diseases, exposed for 72 h Anatase 40–70 99.7 5 40 8.29 ± 1.55 40 8.54 ± 1.40 high B
10 40 11.03 ± 1.70 40 8.54 ± 1.40
Osman I. F. 2018 [36] UK Lymphocytes from healthy people, exposed for 72 h Anatase 40–70 99.7 5 12 4.47 ± 2.39 12 1.87 ± 1.63 high B
10 12 7.21 ± 1.69 12 1.87 ± 1.63
Ünal F. 2021 [37] Turkey Human lymphocytes, exposed for 48 h NA <100 NA 20 3 0.30 ± 0.099 3 0.13 ± 0.066 medium A+++
40 3 0.30 ± 0.099 3 0.13 ± 0.066
60 3 0.30 ± 0.099 3 0.13 ± 0.066
80 3 0.17 ± 0.075 3 0.13 ± 0.066
100 3 0.13 ± 0.066 3 0.13 ± 0.066
Outcomes were described as CA frequency
Catalán J. 2011 [46] Finland Human lymphocytes, exposed for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h Anatase <25 99.7 6.25 2 1.25 ± 1.26(24 h)
0.50 ± 0.58(48 h)
0.25 ± 0.50(72 h)		 2 0.75 ± 0.96(24 h)
0.00 ± 0.00(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)		 high A++
12.5 2 0.50 ± 0.58(24 h)
0.50 ± 0.58(48 h)
1.25 ± 0.96(72 h)		 2 0.75 ± 0.96(24 h)
0.00 ± 0.00(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)
25 2 0.00 ± 0.00(24 h)
0.25 ± 0.50(48 h)
0.25 ± 0.50(72 h)		 2 0.75 ± 0.96(24 h)
0.00 ± 0.00(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)
50 2 0.50 ± 0.58(24 h)
0.25 ± 0.50(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)		 2 0.75 ± 0.96(24 h)
0.00 ± 0.00(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)
100 2 0.00 ± 0.00(24 h)
1.00 ± 0.82(48 h)
0.75 ± 0.96(72 h)		 2 0.75 ± 0.96(24 h)
0.00 ± 0.00(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)
150 2 0.25 ± 0.50(24 h)
1.25 ± 0.50(48 h)
0.50 ± 0.58(72 h)		 2 0.75 ± 0.96(24 h)
0.00 ± 0.00(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)
300 2 1.00 ± 1.15(24 h)
1.00 ± 0.82(48 h)
0.50 ± 0.58(72 h)		 2 0.75 ± 0.96(24 h)
0.00 ± 0.00(48 h)
0.50 ± 1.00(72 h)
Ünal F. 2021 [37] Turkey Human lymphocytes, exposed for 24 h, 48 h NA <100 NA 20 3 6.00 ± 1.37(24 h)
5.33 ± 1.30(48 h)		 3 1.33 ± 0.66(24 h)
1.33 ± 0.66(48 h)		 medium A+++
40 3 6.67 ± 1.44(24 h)
3.00 ± 0.98(48 h)		 3 1.33 ± 0.66(24 h)
1.33 ± 0.66(48 h)
60 3 4.33 ± 1.17(24 h)
3.33 ± 1.03(48 h)		 3 1.33 ± 0.66(24 h)
1.33 ± 0.66(48 h)
80 3 5.00 ± 1.26(24 h)
3.33 ± 1.03(48 h)		 3 1.33 ± 0.66(24 h)
1.33 ± 0.66(48 h)
100 3 6.00 ± 1.37(24 h)
4.00 ± 1.13(48 h)		 3 1.33 ± 0.66(24 h)
1.33 ± 0.66(48 h)

1 NA: not applicable; n: sample size; SD: standard deviation; T DNA%: the percentage of DNA in tail; TL: tail length; OTM: olive tail moment; MF: mutation frequency; BiMN: no. of micronucleus/1000 binucleated cells; CA frequency: percentage of cells exhibiting chromosomal aberrations.