Table 1.
Participant characteristics stratified by COPD status
| Characteristic | Overall, N = 7265 (100%)1 | No, N = 6257 (87%)1 | Yes, N = 1008 (13%)1 | P- Value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) *** | 57.6 (11.4) | 57.2 (11.3) | 60.2 (11.1) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 0.15 | |||
| Normal(< 25) | 1,701 (24%) | 1,459 (25%) | 242 (21%) | |
| Obese(≥ 30) | 2,976 (41%) | 2,536 (41%) | 440 (46%) | |
| Overweight(≥ 25,<30) | 2,588 (34%) | 2,262 (35%) | 326 (33%) | |
| Sex | 0.4 | |||
| Female | 3,723 (54%) | 3,232 (53%) | 491 (55%) | |
| Male | 3,542 (46%) | 3,025 (47%) | 517 (45%) | |
| Race*** | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3,702 (75%) | 3,041 (74%) | 661 (81%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1,394 (9.2%) | 1,225 (9.4%) | 169 (8.5%) | |
| Mexican American | 1,026 (5.9%) | 965 (6.4%) | 61 (2.6%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 664 (4.1%) | 596 (4.2%) | 68 (2.9%) | |
| Other Race - Including Multi-Racial | 479 (6.0%) | 430 (6.0%) | 49 (5.0%) | |
| Education*** | < 0.001 | |||
| 9-11th grade (Includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 1,032 (9.1%) | 862 (8.6%) | 170 (12%) | |
| College graduate or above | 1,649 (31%) | 1,492 (33%) | 157 (22%) | |
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 1,711 (25%) | 1,442 (25%) | 269 (30%) | |
| Less than 9th grade | 829 (4.4%) | 711 (4.3%) | 118 (5.6%) | |
| Some college or AA degree | 2,044 (30%) | 1,750 (30%) | 294 (30%) | |
| Marital | 0.2 | |||
| Divorced | 1,051 (14%) | 872 (14%) | 179 (16%) | |
| Living with partner | 327 (4.9%) | 283 (4.9%) | 44 (4.7%) | |
| Married | 4,315 (65%) | 3,776 (66%) | 539 (61%) | |
| Never married | 496 (5.7%) | 427 (5.6%) | 69 (5.9%) | |
| Separated | 242 (2.2%) | 203 (2.1%) | 39 (3.0%) | |
| Widowed | 834 (8.1%) | 696 (7.9%) | 138 (9.6%) | |
| Poverty index (PIR)*** | < 0.001 | |||
| High(> 3.49) | 2,548 (52%) | 2,292 (54%) | 256 (40%) | |
| Low(≤ 1.39) | 2,119 (16%) | 1,741 (15%) | 378 (25%) | |
| Medium(> 1.39,<=3.49) | 2,598 (32%) | 2,224 (31%) | 374 (35%) | |
| Alcohol*** | < 0.001 | |||
| former | 1,330 (11%) | 1,071 (10.0%) | 259 (18%) | |
| heavy | 1,043 (15%) | 892 (14%) | 151 (18%) | |
| mild | 2,868 (47%) | 2,508 (48%) | 360 (40%) | |
| moderate | 1,048 (18%) | 900 (18%) | 148 (17%) | |
| never | 976 (9.8%) | 886 (10%) | 90 (7.4%) | |
| Smoking status*** | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-smoker | 3,697 (55%) | 3,451 (59%) | 246 (27%) | |
| smoker | 3,568 (45%) | 2,806 (41%) | 762 (73%) | |
| Diabetes*** | < 0.001 | |||
| DM | 1,863 (20%) | 1,541 (19%) | 322 (30%) | |
| IFG | 432 (6.6%) | 376 (6.6%) | 56 (6.5%) | |
| IGT | 300 (2.8%) | 264 (2.9%) | 36 (2.8%) | |
| no | 4,670 (70%) | 4,076 (72%) | 594 (61%) | |
| Hypertension*** | 4,896 (62%) | 4,154 (61%) | 742 (71%) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease (CVD)*** | 1,127 (12%) | 842 (10%) | 285 (25%) | < 0.001 |
| Blood Lead*** | 0.015 (0.013) | 0.015 (0.013) | 0.018 (0.013) | < 0.001 |
| Blood Cadmium*** | 0.49 (0.55) | 0.45 (0.49) | 0.77 (0.82) | < 0.001 |
| Blood Mercury | 1.62 (2.23) | 1.65 (2.26) | 1.45 (1.99) | 0.050 |
| Isoflavones*** | 1.79 (8.81) | 1.92 (9.31) | 0.91 (3.84) | < 0.001 |
| Anthocyanidins * | 17.37 (38.26) | 17.99 (39.59) | 13.12 (27.06) | 0.013 |
| Flavan-3-ols | 195.37 (404.20) | 193.63 (396.32) | 207.38(454.94) | 0.6 |
| Flavanones | 12.75 (23.53) | 12.90 (23.67) | 11.69(22.46) | 0.4 |
| Flavones* | 1.02 (2.22) | 1.04 (2.34) | 0.89 (1.13) | 0.039 |
| Flavonols | 19.88 (18.67) | 19.89 (18.48) | 19.81 (19.89) | > 0.9 |
| Total Flavonoids | 248.19 (422.85) | 247.38 (415.08) | 253.79(473.23) | 0.8 |
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
1Mean ± SD for continuous; n (%) for categorical
2t-test adapted to complex survey samples; chi-squared test with Rao & Scott's second-order correction