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. 2023 Nov 25;22:204. doi: 10.1186/s12944-023-01962-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Enrichment analysis of hub genes in IVDD. A Following standard quality control on all cells pertaining to mild and severe IVDD, 9,161 cells were included in the analysis. B A UMAP plot illustrates six distinct cell types within the dataset, as identified through unsupervised clustering (NPCs, nucleus pulposus cells; NPPCs, nucleus pulposus progenitor cells; Noto, notochord cells; EC, erythroid cells). Each color represents a specific cell type. C Proportions of different cell types in mild-IVDD and severe-IVDD samples. D UMAP plots depict the distribution of AA metabolic activity in each cell. E, F A violin plot displays the AA metabolic score of various cell types in mild IVDD and severe IVDD. G, H A violin plot displays the AA metabolic score of NPCs in mild IVDD and severe IVDD