Table 1.
Study Sample Characteristics at Baseline.
| Dentate (n = 10,495) | Edentulous (n = 1,910) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | M | (SE) | M | (SE) | t or χ2 | |
|
| ||||||
| m-TICS score (0–27) | 17.05 | (3.12) | 16.06 | (2.92) | 12.95 | *** |
| Dental visitsa | 77.29 | 22.09 | 2,300.00 | *** | ||
| Covariates | ||||||
| Age (51–100) | 66.49 | (9.25) | 70.48 | (8.93) | −17.42 | *** |
| Female | 57.94 | 61.88 | 10.35 | ** | ||
| Married | 66.92 | 53.82 | 121.65 | *** | ||
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 80.94 | 79.16 | 14.20 | ** | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.02 | 12.77 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 1.98 | 1.88 | ||||
| Hispanic | 7.05 | 6.18 | ||||
| Education in years (0–17) | 13.35 | (2.70) | 11.69 | (2.55) | 25.04 | *** |
| Wealth (IHS-transformed) | 5.69 | (2.29) | 4.48 | (2.62) | 20.75 | *** |
| Median wealth (in US$1,000) | 237.00 | 98.00 | ||||
| Insured (%) | 95.11 | 95.97 | 2.62 | ** | ||
| Physical exerciseb (%) | 64.80 | 49.95 | 152.16 | *** | ||
| Smoking (current smoker) (%) | 11.20 | 24.08 | 234.56 | *** | ||
| Drinking (3+ drinks/day) (%) | 2.52 | 2.57 | 0.02 | |||
| BMI (normal weight ≥ 18.5, <25) (%) | 29.06 | 28.38 | 0.37 | |||
| Heart problems (%) | 20.71 | 30.79 | 94.89 | *** | ||
| Stroke (%) | 5.42 | 9.53 | 47.93 | *** | ||
| Diabetes (%) | 16.14 | 23.56 | 62.22 | *** | ||
| Depressive symptoms (0–8) | 1.25 | (1.83) | 1.65 | (2.05) | −8.69 | *** |
Note. Sample N = 12,405. Participants with baseline scores of 12 and higher were included in the sample. Group differences were tested using t tests for continuous variables and the chi-square statistics for categorical variables. m-TICS = modified version of Telephone Interview for Cognition Status; IHS = inverse hyperbole sine; BMI = body mass index.
a
Measured with “In the last 2 years, have you seen a dentist for dental care, including dentures?”
b
Vigorous or moderate physical exercise at least once a week (=1).
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.