Table 3.
Edentulism, Dental Visits, and Cognitive Functioning.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| b | (SE) | p | b | (SE) | p | b | (SE) | p | |
|
| |||||||||
| Intercept | 15.38 | (0.21) | <.001 | 15.47 | (0.27) | <.001 | 15.44 | (0.28) | <.001 |
| Linear time | −0.88 | (0.03) | <.001 | −1.10 | (0.07) | <.001 | −1.16 | (0.08) | <.001 |
| Quadratic time | 0.09 | (0.01) | <.001 | 0.12 | (0.02) | <.001 | 0.13 | (0.02) | <.001 |
| Edentulous | −0.06 | (0.07) | .397 | 0.37 | (0.27) | .168 | 0.45 | (0.32) | .160 |
| Dental visits: WP | 0.09 | (0.04) | .031 | 0.08 | (0.04) | .056 | 0.08 | (0.04) | .069 |
| Dental visits: BP | 0.42 | (0.07) | <.001 | 0.16 | (0.23) | .491 | 0.22 | (0.26) | .404 |
| 2-way interaction | |||||||||
| Edentulous × Linear Time | −0.28 | (0.09) | .003 | −0.12 | (0.12) | .322 | |||
| Edentulous × Quadratic Time | 0.05 | (0.02) | .051 | 0.02 | (0.03) | .518 | |||
| Dental Visits: BP × Linear Time | 0.39 | (0.09) | <.001 | 0.45 | (0.09) | <.001 | |||
| Dental Visits: BP × Quadratic Time | −0.05 | (0.02) | .014 | −0.06 | (0.02) | .004 | |||
| Edentulous × Dental Visits: BP | −0.29 | (0.61) | .632 | ||||||
| 3-way interaction | |||||||||
| Edentulous × Dental Visits: BP × Linear Time | −0.64 | (0.28) | .023 | ||||||
| Edentulous × Dental Visits: BP × Quadratic Time | 0.10 | (0.07) | .138 | ||||||
| WP effects (Level 1) | |||||||||
| Married | −0.01 | (0.07) | .883 | −0.03 | (0.07) | .636 | −0.03 | (0.07) | .645 |
| Wealtha | 0.17 | (0.03) | <.001 | 0.16 | (0.03) | <.001 | 0.16 | (0.03) | <.001 |
| Insured | −0.01 | (0.10) | .945 | −0.06 | (0.10) | .504 | −0.06 | (0.10) | .508 |
| Physical exercise | 0.25 | (0.12) | .039 | 0.24 | (0.12) | .054 | 0.23 | (0.12) | .055 |
| Smoking | −0.10 | (0.05) | .056 | −0.09 | (0.05) | .085 | −0.09 | (0.05) | .087 |
| Drinking | −0.14 | (0.07) | .059 | −0.13 | (0.07) | .077 | −0.13 | (0.07) | .079 |
| BMI | −0.93 | (0.11) | <.001 | −0.88 | (0.11) | <.001 | −0.88 | (0.11) | <.001 |
| Heart problems | 0.06 | (0.08) | .485 | 0.07 | (0.08) | .402 | 0.07 | (0.08) | .391 |
| Stroke | −0.04 | (0.01) | <.001 | −0.04 | (0.01) | <.001 | −0.04 | (0.01) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 0.03 | (0.01) | .001 | 0.03 | (0.01) | .002 | 0.03 | (0.01) | .002 |
| Depressive symptoms | −0.01 | (0.09) | .950 | 0.03 | (0.09) | .762 | 0.03 | (0.09) | .736 |
| BP effects (Level 2) | |||||||||
| Linear age | −0.08 | (0.01) | <.001 | −0.09 | (0.01) | <.001 | −0.09 | (0.01) | <.001 |
| Linear Age × Time | −0.00 | (0.00) | <.001 | −0.00 | (0.00) | <.001 | −0.00 | (0.00) | <.001 |
| Quadratic age | −0.03 | (0.00) | <.001 | −0.03 | (0.00) | <.001 | −0.03 | (0.00) | <.001 |
| Female | 0.85 | (0.05) | <.001 | 0.84 | (0.05) | <.001 | 0.84 | (0.05) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (ref: Non-Hispanic White) | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | −1.57 | (0.08) | <.001 | −1.57 | (0.08) | <.001 | −1.56 | (0.08) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Other | −0.95 | (0.16) | <.001 | −0.94 | (0.16) | <.001 | −0.94 | (0.16) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | −0.56 | (0.09) | <.001 | −0.55 | (0.09) | <.001 | −0.55 | (0.09) | <.001 |
| Education | 0.30 | (0.01) | <.001 | 0.30 | (0.01) | <.001 | 0.30 | (0.01) | <.001 |
| Married | −0.13 | (0.05) | .014 | −0.13 | (0.05) | .016 | −0.13 | (0.05) | .016 |
| Wealtha | 0.32 | (0.07) | <.001 | 0.32 | (0.07) | <.001 | 0.32 | (0.07) | <.001 |
| Insured | −0.03 | (0.08) | .745 | −0.02 | (0.08) | .765 | −0.02 | (0.08) | .774 |
| Physical exercise | 0.35 | (0.18) | .058 | 0.34 | (0.18) | .062 | 0.35 | (0.18) | .058 |
| Smoking | −0.27 | (0.06) | <.001 | −0.27 | (0.06) | <.001 | −0.27 | (0.06) | <.001 |
| Drinking | 0.05 | (0.06) | .398 | 0.05 | (0.06) | .387 | 0.05 | (0.06) | .384 |
| BMI | −0.45 | (0.09) | <.001 | −0.45 | (0.09) | <.001 | −0.45 | (0.09) | <.001 |
| Heart problems | −0.30 | (0.06) | <.001 | −0.30 | (0.06) | <.001 | −0.30 | (0.06) | <.001 |
| Stroke | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 0.10 | (0.01) | <.001 | 0.09 | (0.01) | <.001 | 0.09 | (0.01) | <.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.35 | (0.16) | .028 | 0.33 | (0.16) | .045 | 0.32 | (0.16) | .048 |
| Random effects | |||||||||
| Intercept variance | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 |
| Residual variance | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 | −0.21 | (0.02) | <.001 |
| Model fit | |||||||||
| −2 log-likelihood | 260,703.2 | 260,570.6 | 260,562.0 | ||||||
| AIC | 260,785.1 | 260,660.7 | 260,658.0 | ||||||
Note. Person N = 12,405; person-wave observation N = 52,026. Models are adjusted for between-effects of time and all cross-level interaction terms. WP = within-person; BP = between-person; BMI = body mass index; AIC = Akaike information criterion.
a
Wealth transformed by the inverse hyperbole sine function.