Figure 3.

Characterization of metabolic differences between the sham and JVL groups. (a) Volcano plots of the sham and JVL groups. (b) Heatmap of the 66 differential metabolites identified from the comparison of the sham versus JVL groups (n = 3). The colors from green to red in the heatmap indicate the elevation of metabolites. (c) Metabolite sets enrichment analysis based on the altered metabolites. The color denotes the significance from highest (red) to lowest (yellow). (d) Significantly altered differential metabolites are presented as the ratio of the abundance in JVL rats to those in sham rats (n = 3). (e–h) Comparison of the concentration of NAC in the CSF (e), cortex (f), hippocampus (g), and plasma (h). All data are presented as the mean ± SD (two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test) (e–h). Dots depict individual samples in e–h. Data are representative of at least five independent experiments in e–h. ns, with no significance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; NAM: nicotinamide; ALCAR: acetyl-L-carnitine; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine.