Table 2. Effect of HS on lipid profiles.

NI: no information; DM: diabetes mellitus; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; RCT: randomized-controlled trials; DBT: double-blind trial; CT: controlled trial; NRCT: non-randomized controlled trial; MES: metabolic syndrome; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; RT: randomized trial; NNT: non-randomized, non-controlled trial; OxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein

Design	Sample size	Participants	Intervention	Control	Duration	Outcome	Ref.
NI	32	Excluded if history of smoking, DM, or taking any medications	HS beverage 35 g	No	2 weeks	Reduced the total cholesterol and LDL and increased HDL	(48)
RCT	57	Subjects without chronic illnesses and baseline LDL 130-190 mg/dL	1 g HS capsule/tablet	Yes	3 months	10% reduction in triglyceride values in the experimental arm while the placebo group showed no significant change	(49)
RCT	36	Subjects with obesity	450 mg HS capsule/tablet	Yes	3 months	No significant changes in HDL and LDL levels	(50)
NRCT	18	Subjects with MES	2 g twice daily HS tea	Yes	21 days	HS reduced TC, TG, HDL, and LDL in the experimental group	(51)
RCT	84	Subjects with hypertension	15 mg HS tea	Yes	30 days	Significant difference noted as an increase in HDL and LDL compared to baseline	(52)
NNT	16	Female subjects with BMI > 25 kg/m2	2 g HS tea twice daily	No	6 weeks	Lowering the OxLDL levels of participants	(53)