Table 6. Preclinical studies involving GSK-3β inhibitors .

Compounds	Species	Model	Effects	References
Lithium	Rats	Administered amyloid-beta into the intra-hippocampal region	Interruption of spatial memory problems	80
Indirubin-3-monoxime	Mice	Double transgenic mice App23/ps45	Both Spatial learning and memory deficits have been improved	82
AR-A014418	Mice	Double transgenic mice App23/ps45	Improvement of both spatial learning and memory deficits	83
AZD 2858	Rodent	Transgenic model overexpressing GSK3	Inhibition of hyperphosphorylation of tau in rodent brain hippocampus and gliosis (neurodegeneration marker)	84
AZD1080	Sprague–Dawley rats	Normal Rodent brain following in vivo administration of the acute dose of AZD1080 (1, 3, or 10 mol/kg) p.o.	Inhibition of tau phosphorylation and reduction of the phosphorylated to total Glycogen Synthase ratio	85
NP-12	Mice	Human mutant APP and tau were co-expressed in aged double transgenic mice.	Improvement of both Spatial learning and memory deficits	86