Table 1.

The phenotypes of mutant IL-11 ligand and receptors in animal models and human diseases.

		Bone mass	Bone formation	Bone resorption	Adiposity	Human diseases
Ligand IL-11
IL-11 deletion	IL-11-/- global [41]	Bone mass↓	Bone formation↓ Osteoblast cell number↓ Osteoblast differentiation ↓	Bone resorption→ Osteoclast Number→	Systemic AT↑ Bone marrow adiposity↑ Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance	Height↓ [96-98]
	Osteoblast specific IL-11-/- (Ocn-Cre) [41]	Bone mass↓	Bone formation↓ Osteoblastogenesis↓	Bone resorption→ Osteoclast Number→	Systemic AT↑ Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance	--
	Adipocyte specific IL-11-/- (Adipo-Cre) [41]	Trabecular and cortical BMD→	Bone formation→	Bone resorption→	Adipose tissue→ Normal glucose metabolism	--
IL-11 overexpression	IL-11 Transgenic [42]	Bone mass↑ against aging, cortical thickness↑	Bone formation↑ Osteoblast number↑ Osteoblastogenesis↑ and bone mineralization↑ ex vivo	Bone resorption→ Osteoclast Number→	Adipogenesis↓ from BMSC ex vivo	--
Receptor
IL-11Receptor	IL-11R null [7,35,38]	Trabecular bone mass↑ Bone length↓	Bone formation↓ Osteoblast number↓ Osteoblast differentiation→ in vitro	Bone resorption↓ osteoclastogenesis↓ osteoclast number↓ maturation↓	Bone marrow adiposity↓	Craniosynostosis, dental abnormalities, and digit malformations [100-102]
Gp130	Gp130 null, gp130-STAT3 deletion [39]	Trabecular bone mass↓	Bone formation↓ Osteoblast number↓	Large osteoclast		--
	osteoblast/osteocyte specific -/- (Osx-Cre, Dmp1-Cre) [40]	Trabecular bone mass↓	Bone formation↓ Ob number→	Bone resorption→ Osteoclast Number→		--
	Osteoclast specific -/- (Ctsk-Cre) [69]	Trabecular bone mass↓ Cortical growth↓	Bone formation↓	Bone resorption→ Osteoclast number→		--