Table 1.
A summary of human/dog cross-species transmission studies performed to date from the scientific literature. (Year: year/s experiments conducted; geographical origin of infection: country or region where the donor host was infected; origin host: the donor host species; passage host: the species of host that the worms were passaged through prior to inoculation into the final recipient (if this occurred); recipient host/s: species of the final recipient host or hosts; wks: weeks; mo: months; n.s.: not stated; n.a.: not applicable.)
| year/s | geographical origin of infection | origin host | passage host | recipient host/s (number, age) | no. larvae inoculated and mode of infection | immunosuppression | diagnostic method/s | prepatent period | duration of larval excretion | notes | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1899 | — | human | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | ‘numerous’ larvae orally administered in milk | none | microscopy | refractory | refractory | dog developed diarrhoea, but no larval passage identified. Dog recovered while donor host died of heavy S. stercoralis infection | [26] |
| 1914 | ‘exotic’ origin | human | — | dogs (n = n.s., age n.s.) | n.s. | none | n.s. | n.s. | 2–3 weeks | a strain from a laboratory assistant of ‘exotic origin’. Fűlleborn revisits these experiments and notes that infection with the human-derived strain lasted less time than the dog-derived strain in canine recipient hosts | [14,15] |
| 1922 | Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo) | human | — | dogs (n = n.s., age n.s.) | n.s. | none | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | patent infection, duration n.s. | [16] |
| 1925 | North America (Georgia) | human | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | ‘many thousands’ iL3 percutaneous on abdomen, reinfected at 7 days, reinfected at 3 weeks | none | charcoal culture | 7 days | 8 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | ‘very large numbers’ of S. stercoralis found throughout small intestine on necropsy | [27] |
| 1925 | North America (Georgia) | human | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 800 iL3 percutaneous on abdomen | none | charcoal culture | n.s. | >301 days | [27] | |
| 1925 | North America (Georgia) | human | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 percutaneous on abdomen | none | charcoal culture | n.s. | >20 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | large numbers of larvae in intestine on necropsy | [27] |
| 1925 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through one dog | human (n = 1, age n.s.) | 20 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | charcoal culture | 8 days | 3 days | no larvae recovered after 3 days | [27] |
| 1926 | North America (Georgia) | human | — | dogs (n = 14, ‘young and healthy, many between 2 and 3 years’) | iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | Baermann sedimentation | n.s. | 2 mo –> 10 mo | initial mucoid diarrhoea in all dogs, with blood in two dogs, for 2–5 days. Five dogs progressed to chronic diarrhoea. Three dogs died of chronic diarrhoea, another two died of lobar pneumonia | [28] |
| 1926 | North America (Georgia) | human | — | dogs (n = 1, ∼6 mo) | 5000 iL3 and a further 10 000 iL3 1 week later, percutaneous on the abdomen | none | Baermann sedimentation | n.s. | n.s. | chronic diarrhoea and emaciation despite being well-fed. ‘Countless’ parasitic females recovered upon necropsy at 9 weeks, fibrous thickening of the intestinal mucosa, extensive multi-lobar pneumonia | [28] |
| 1925 | Caribbean (Puerto Rico) | human | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 6500 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s., reinfected with 6500 iL3 6 weeks later | none | charcoal culture | n.s. | n.s. | patent infection, duration n.s. | [29] |
| 1926 | Caribbean (Puerto Rico) | human | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 800–900 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s., | none | charcoal culture | n.s. | n.s. | ‘light’ patent infection, duration n.s. | [29] |
| 1926 | Caribbean (Puerto Rico) | human | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s., | none | charcoal culture | n.s. | n.s. | patent infection, duration n.s. | [29] |
| 1926 | Caribbean (Puerto Rico) | human | passage through two dogs | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 600 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s., | none | charcoal culture | n.s. | n.s. | patent infection, duration n.s. | [29] |
| 1927 | Africa (East Africa) | human | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | n.s. | none | Baermann sedimentation | n.s. | n.s. | experimental transfer ‘almost always’ resulted in patent infection, duration n.s. | [15] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼8 mo) | 2900+ iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen, reinfected with a total of 89 000 larvae at intervals up to the 32nd week | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | 6–10 weeks | no larvae recovered after 7 weeks. Attempts at reinfection failed | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼3 mo) | 210 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 9 days | ‘many months’ | [30] | |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼5 mo) | 900 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | n.s. | ‘many months’ | [30] | |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼4 mo) | 4600 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | n.s. | 8 weeks (until death) | dog died 8 weeks after infection, heavy infection seen on necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼10 mo) | 450 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen reinfected with 3500 iL3 after 3 weeks | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | 6 weeks (until death) | dog died 6 weeks after infection, heavy infection seen on necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼15 mo) | 10 000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen reinfected with 3000 iL3 after 5 weeks | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 8 days | n.s. | dog died 6 weeks after infection, heavy infection seen on necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, 30+ mo) | 20 000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen reinfected with 12 000 iL3 after 3 weeks | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 9 days | n.s. | dog died 6 weeks after infection, heavy infection seen on necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼3 mo) | 20 000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | >4 weeks (until death) | dog died during time when observations were suspended owing to vacation | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, 24+ mo) | 8000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | n.s. | 15 weeks (until death) | dog died 15 weeks after infection, heavy infection seen on necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, 18+ mo) | 6000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | >4 weeks | larval output peaked at 4 weeks and reduced to nil thereafter. Attempts at reinfection failed | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼120 mo) | 6500 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen, reinfected with 20 000 iL3 after 8 weeks, reinfected with 35 000 iL3 after 17 weeks | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | 7 weeks | first reinfection (8 weeks) did not result in larval output, second reinfection (17 weeks) resulted in ongoing light infection. Animal escaped and was lost before end of experiment | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼24 mo) | 17 000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen, reinfected with 28 000 iL3 after 12 weeks, reinfected with 16 200 iL3 after 35 weeks, reinfected with 25 000 iL3 after 37 weeks | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | 7 weeks | no larvae recovered after 7 weeks. Attempts at reinfection failed | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼12 mo) | 52 000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen, reinfected with 403 000 iL3 after 4 weeks via sub-cutaneous injection, reinfected with 87 000 iL3 after 11 weeks by oral administration | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 6 days | 7 weeks | no larvae recovered after 7 weeks. Attempts at reinfection failed | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼18 mo) | 430 000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen reinfected with 24 000 iL3 after 3 weeks, reinfected with 19 000 iL3 after 23 weeks | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 5 days | 11 weeks | no larvae recovered after 11 weeks. Further attempt at reinfection failed | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼30 mo) | 8100 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen reinfected with 14 000 iL3 after 3 weeks, reinfected with 121 000 iL3 after 26 weeks | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | n.s. | 12 weeks | no larvae recovered after 12 weeks. Attempts at reinfection failed | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼5 mo) | 5000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | 17 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | ‘massive infection’ seen at necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼5 mo) | 8000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 5 days | 18 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | ‘massive infection’ seen at necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, ∼18 mo) | 8000 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 7 days | 12 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | ‘massive infection’ seen at necropsy | [30] |
| 1928 | North America (Georgia) | human | passage through multiple puppies | dogs (n = 1, 60+ mo) | 16 600 iL3 percutaneous on the abdomen | none, but poor nutrition owing to poor diet | charcoal culture, followed by Baermannisation | 8 days | 5 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | ‘many thousands’ of parasites seen at necropsy | [30] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate A | human A | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 10 days | 13 days (until death) | ‘bronchial involvement’ on necropsy | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate A | human A | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 9 days | 105 days (ongoing at sacrifice) | ‘heavy infection’ on necropsy | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate A | human A | passage through two dogs | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 15 days | >4 months | profound dyspnoea and rales at 2 weeks 27 following incoculation (treated with gentian violet, recovered). Dog still passing larvae when published | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate A | human A | passage through two dogs | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 1000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | — | — | died 3 days after inoculation, prior to patency ‘metamorphosing filariform larvae and immature adults in the lungs and trachea’ on necropsy | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate B | human B | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 100 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 14 days | >1 month (actual duration n.s.) | [31] | |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate B | human B | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 1000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 19 days | 3 weeks (sparse larvae passed) | 3 months after stools became negative, 12 live and active but barren parasitic females were recovered from duodenum and jejunum upon necropsy | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate C | human C | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 17 days | 4 months | stools consistently negative after 4 months | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate C | human C | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 1000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 9 days | 10 days (until death) | died at day 21 post-inoculation, ‘profound haemorrhagic congestion for the lungs…from several dozen immature parasitic worms were recovered’ parasitic adults in jejunum and duodenum on necropsy | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate C | human C | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 5 days | 8 months (intermittent larval shedding) | dog still infected and shedding larvae in ‘arrhythmic showers’ 8 months after infection | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate C | human C | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | refractory | refractory | [31] | |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate F | human F | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 12 days | 44 days (until death) | dog died of respiratory involvement after 1.5 months | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate F | human F | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 1 L1 larva on day 3, 1 L1 larva on day 7 | 11 days (until death) | dog died of ‘overwhelming Strongyloides infection for the small and large bowels, superimposed on a haemorrhagic pneumonitis’ | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate F | human F | passage through two dogs | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 13 days | 1 month | dog alive at >5 months after inoculation and still no longer shedding larvae | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate G | human G | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | no larval shedding | no larval shedding | diarrhoea from from day 3, ‘profound dyspnoea’ and death on day 9. Pneumonitis but no Strongyloides in lungs, two immature parasitic adults in the colonic wall on necropsy | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate H | human H | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 100 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | 1 egg on day 13, L1 larvae passed from day 16 | 1 month (sparse larval shedding) | dog alive at >4 months after inoculation and still no longer shedding larvae | [31] |
| 1933 | North America (Louisiana), isolate J | human J | — | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | culture (method n.s.) and microscopy | no larval shedding | no larval shedding | animal sacrificed owing to marked constipation at day 15. Moderate parasitization of the duodenal wall on necropsy | [31] |
| 1938 | North America (Massachusetts) | 5 week old puppy | — | human (n = 1, ‘adult’) | n.s. | none | n.s. | refractory | refractory | refractory to infection | [32] |
| 1938 | southeast Asia (Vietnam) | human | — | dogs (n = n.s., 4 mo) | ‘dermal route’ a few by oral route. Number of larvae inoculated n.s., but probably very high based on results described | none | Baermann culture | 7 days | n.s. | those with massive infections died within 10–12 days of patency, those with moderate infections survived up to 20 days. Ulceration and necrosis of the duodenum on necropsy. Oral infection led to very light infections | [33] |
| 1938 | southeast Asia (Vietnam) | human | — | dogs (n = n.s., ‘older’) | ‘dermal route’ | none | Baermann culture | 7 days | 4 months | ‘older’ dogs do not die of infections. Larval passage is only detectable on culture or necropsy, and not by direct microscopy. Virulence did not attenuate upon passage through six separate dogs | [33] |
| 1938–1945 | southeast Asia (Vietnam), North Africa and Caribbean (Antilles) | human | passage through multiple dogs | dog s (n = many, 4 mo) | percutaneous, some possibly sub-cutaneous | none | charcoal culture | n.s. | n.s. | passage of human strains through multiple dogs over more than a decade. Older dogs survived up to 220 days. Although larval output may be low, all dogs remained infected upon necropsy | [34] |
| 1938–1945 | Caribbean (Antilles) | human | dog (n = 1, n.s.) | 100 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | n.a. | n.a. | necropsy at 15 days demonstrated no infection | [35] | |
| 1938–1945 | Caribbean (Antilles) | human | dog (n = 1, n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | n.a. | n.a. | necropsy at 14 days demonstrated no infection | ||
| 1938–1945 | Caribbean (Antilles) | human | dog (n = 1, n.s.) | 100 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | <13 days | 13 days (ongoing at sacrifice) | necropsy at 13 days demonstrated 12 adult parasitic females | [35] | |
| 1938–1945 | Caribbean (Antilles) | human | dog (n = 1, n.s.) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | <15 days | 15 days (ongoing at sacrifice) | necropsy at 15 days demonstrated 53 adult parasitic females | [35] | |
| 1938–1945 | Caribbean (Antilles) | human | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, n.s.) | 10 000 iL3 sub-cutaneous injection, site n.s. | none | necropsy | n.a. | n.a. | necropsy at 4 days demonstrated no parasites in trachea, lungs or duodenum | [35] |
| 1938–1945 | Caribbean (Antilles) | human | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 10 000 iL3 sub-cutaneous injection, site n.s. | none | necropsy | n.a. | 14 days (ongoing at sacrifice) | necropsy at 14 days, 20 adult parasitic females in duodenum | [35] |
| 1938–1945 | North Africa | human | dog (n = 3, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 (500 direct, 500 indirect and 500 mixed cycle to 1 dog each), percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | n.a. | 40 days (ongoing at sacrifice) | necropsy at 40 days, adult parasitic females recovered from all | [35] | |
| 1938–1945 | North Africa | human | passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 12, age n.s.) | 500 iL3 (500 direct, 500 indirect and 500 mixed cycle to 1 dog each), percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | n.a. | 40 days (ongoing at sacrifice) | necropsy at 40 days, adult parasitic females recovered. All dogs were refractory to the fifth passage of larvae (indicating loss of virulence in passage) | [35] |
| 1938–1945 | North Africa | human | ? passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 20 000 iL3, percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | refractory | refractory | [35] | |
| 1938–1945 | southeast Asia (Vietnam) | human | ? passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 10 000 iL3, percutaneous, site n.s. | none | necropsy | n.a. | <17 days (until death) | same individual as above, refractory to infection with 20 000 iL3 of the North African strain. Was superinfected 40 days later with a Vietnamese strain and died 17 days afterwards of massive infection | [35] |
| 1951–1952 | Africa (Guinea) | human | — | dog (n = 1, 3 mo) | 20 000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | cortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone | charcoal culture | 14 days | 180 days | no larvae detectable after 180 days post infection | [36] |
| 1951–1952 | Africa (Guinea) | human | — | dog (n = 1, 3 mo) | 10 000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | cortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone | charcoal culture | <16 days | 34 days | dog dies of pneumonia 80 days after infection, necropsy reveals no S. stercoralis remaining | [36] |
| 1951–1952 | Africa (Guinea) and southeast Asia (Vietnam) | human | — | dog (n = 1, 3 mo) | 10 000 iL3 of Guinea strain percutaneous, site n.s. 10 000 iL3 of Vietnamese strain percutaneous, site n.s. 10 days after above Guinea strain inoculation | cortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone | charcoal culture | <16 days | 32 days | no culturable larvae at 32 days | [36] |
| 1951–1952 | Africa (Guinea) | human | passage through one dog | dog (n = 1, 3 mo) | 10 000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | cortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone | charcoal culture | <17 days | 120 days | [36] | |
| 1951–1952 | southeast Asia (Vietnam) | human | — | dog (n = 1, ‘elderly’) | ‘massive inoculations’ twice over 2 years | none | charcoal culture | — | — | refractory to infection | [36] |
| 1951–1952 | southeast Asia (Vietnam) | human | — | dog (n = 1, ‘elderly’) | 26 000 iL3 percutaneous, site n.s. | cortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone | charcoal culture | 15 days | 40 days | same individual as above. Cortisone begun 8 days prior to infection and continued 4 days afterward. Dog self-cured at 40 days. No necropsy reported | [36] |
| 1952 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | human | — | dog (n = 1, 7 wks) | 10 000 iL3 percutaneous inguinal skin exposure | none | culture | 22 days | 5 days | very few larvae excreted, very low intensity infection | [37] |
| 1974 | North America (New York) | dog | human | dogs (n = 6, 3 mo) | 1250 iL3 by oral administration | none | 9–11 days | n.s. | parasitic females recovered from one dog on necropsy, no data on date of euthanasia, nor if necropsy was performed on the other five dogs | [38] | |
| 1981 | S.E. Asia (Myanmar/Thailanda) | humana | nil | dog (n = 1, ‘puppy’) | 2000 iL3 percutaneous anterior abdominal wall | prednisolone (recipient) | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | 3 weeks | 15 months (ongoing at sacrifice) | [39] | |
| 1982 | S.E. Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through one dog | dog (n = 4, 6–8 wks) | 1500 iL3 percutaneous inguinal skin exposure and 1500 iL3 sub-cutaneous injection | none | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | 2 weeks | 12 weeks | [40] | |
| 1982 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dogs (n = 4, 7 mo) | 500 iL3 (mode unstated) | none | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | refractory | refractory | [40] | |
| 1982 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dogs (n = 4, 7 mo) | 500 iL3 (mode unstated) | none | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | 2.5 weeks | n.s. | [40] | |
| 1982 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 1, ‘puppy’) | 400 iL3 (mode unstated) followed by 4000 iL3 at 6 weeks, then monthly challenges with 2000, 8000 and 5000 larvae | none | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | <6 weeks | 20 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | [40] | |
| 1983 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dogs (n = 2, ‘adults’) | 5000 iL3 percutaneous inguinal skin exposure | prednisolone 4 weeks after infection | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | 3 weeks | 9 and 14 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | [40] | |
| 1983 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 1, ‘adult’) | 5000 iL3 percutaneous inguinal skin exposure | prednisolone 4 weeks after infection + azathioprine at 10 weeks | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | 3 weeks | 24 weeks (ongoing at sacrifice) | [41] | |
| 1983 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 1, ‘adult’) | 5000 iL3 percutaneous inguinal skin exposure | none | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | 3 weeks | 13 weeks | [41] | |
| 1983 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 1, 9 wks) | 5000 iL3 percutaneous inguinal skin exposure | prednisolone + azathioprine from 3 days prior to infection | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | 2 weeks | 20 days (ongoing at sacrifice) | dog euthanized owing to severe strongyloidiasis | [41] |
| 1983 | southeast Asia (Myanmar/Thailand) | humana | passage through multiple dogs | dog (n = 1, age n.s.) | 6000 iL3 percutaneous inguinal skin exposure | prednisolone + azathioprine from 3 days prior to infection | microscopy in Sedgewick-Rafter type chambers | n.s. | 3 weeks (until death) | animal died during course of experiment, cause of death not stated, no necropsy was performed | [41] |
| 1996 | southeast Asia (Thailand) | human | passage through one dog | dogsb (n = 2, 6 mo) | 3000 iL3 sub-cutaneous injection into nape of the neck | initially none. Methylprednisone was administered for 1 mo at 6 mo post-infection | Baermann sedimentation | 0.5 and 1 mo | 2 mo and 3.5 mo Recrudescence on immunosuppression of 0.75 mo and 2.8 mo duration | despite absence of larvae in faeces, gravid parasitic females were recovered from both dogs upon necropsy at 12 mo after initial infection | [42] |
aOriginal source infection was a human infected in the Myanmar/Thailand region 35 years previously (D.I. Grove 5 November 2021, personal communication).
bDogs had been immunologically challenged three times with 3000 heat killed iL3 at 20 day intervals by sub-cutaneous injection. This experiment began 14 days after the final challenge.