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. 2023 Nov 26;13:20770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48073-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of Curcumin on CAFs' cytokine production. Production of cytokines IL-10, TGF-β, and PGE2 was evaluated using ELISA. Results indicated that after treatment with Curcumin, the production of cytokines associated with CAF phenotype and function, including TGF- β, was significantly reduced. The production of PGE2 from Curcumin-treated CAFs also showed a significant decrease. However, the level of IL-10 was unaffected. Data represents mean ± SD. Significant changes are indicated with asterisk *P-value < 0.05, **P-value < 0.01, ***P-value < 0.001.