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. 2023 Nov 26;13:20770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48073-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytokine production in co-cultures of PBMCs and Curcumin-treated CAFs. CAFs were isolated and treated with Curcumin. PBMCs were added, and the levels of cytokines were assessed in the supernatant after 48 h (a). The production of cytokines associated with Th differentiation, including IL-4, PGE2, TGF-β, IL-10, and IFN-γ (b–f), was evaluated in culture supernatants using ELISA. Results indicated that treatment with Curcumin increased the production of IFN-γ and reduced the production of TGF-βand IL-10, indicative of increased Th1 and inhibited Treg phenotype. Additionally, no significant change in PGE2 was observed. Data represent mean ± SD. Significant changes are indicated with asterisk *P-value < 0.05, **P-value < 0.01, ***P-value < 0.001.